Umnotho Estonia: incazelo emfushane

Umnotho Estonia sika ingenye izibonelo ngempumelelo kakhulu kweminotho ezincane. Ezikhathini zobunzima, isimo sihlangabezane ukwehla kusesilinganisweni esifanele uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet, bese walulama ngokushesha. Namuhla Estonia ingenye abacebile, kunokuba emazweni asathuthuka.

Umlando Omfushane emnothweni Estonia ukuba zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, umnotho ezindaweni, lapho banamuhla Estonia, esekelwe ukuhweba. Ngokusebenzisa Tallinn (ke umuzi wabizwa ngokuthi Reval) kanye Narva babe imizila yezohwebo obalulekile wabahwebi Russia naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Narva River liaised nge Novgorod, eMoscow Pskov. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, Estonia kuyinto umphakeli enkulu zokusanhlamvu emazweni Nordic. I kwetimboni nakweminye imikhakha (ikakhulukazi ugodo nezimayini izimboni) kwaqala ngaphambi ukubusa e-Estonia njengesikhonzi uMbuso Russian.

Estonia Umnotho neRussia athuthukile ngokuhlanganyela okwamanje lapho isithakazelo of the Empire, Russian e oLwandle iBaltic ibhekene izithakazelo Swedish. Ukubusa uMbuso isiRashiya, ensimini ka-Estonia yesimanje, lapho kwakhiwa Revel futhi Livonia, kanye ukuvela dolobha entsha (Petersburg) kuye kwanciphisa ukubaluleka kwezentengiselwano eTallinn Narva. nomthelela omuhle emnothweni wezwe kwadingeka nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo e 1849, ngemva kwalokho-ke wavunyelwa ukuba adayise noma ukuqasha ezweni ukuze abalimi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX abanikazi noma abaqashi bezwe mayelana 50% abalimi engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe futhi 80% eningizimu maphakathi banamuhla Estonia.

Ngo-1897, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye labantu (65%) babesebenza emkhakheni wezolimo, 14% wasebenza emkhakheni wezimboni bese kuthi inani elifanayo babehilelekile ukuhweba noma baye basebenza emkhakheni wemisebenzi. elite Intellectual, kwezomnotho kanye nezingxenye zombusazwe zomphakathi Estonia abangu Baltic German kanye isiRashiya, nakuba isilinganiso Estonia lichaza ekwakheni kazwelonke kwaba 90%.

Izinyathelo zokuqala ezimele emnothweni

Umnotho Estonia isidlulile ekuhlolweni kokuqala ukuthi kungenzeka elawula kwamabutho kahulumeni yangaphakathi in the 1920 - 1930. ukuzimela isimo zazakhiwe ngendlela eyayenza kudingeke ufune izimakethe ezintsha, lokuqala kabusha (kanye nezinkinga emnothweni ngaleso sikhathi kwakwanele), ukunquma isetshenziswa kanjani nemithombo yemvelo. Inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho, iqalwa owayenguNgqongqoshe emnothweni Estonia Otto Strandman, yayihloselwe ukuthuthukiswa kwale mboni, wagxila emakethe yasekhaya, kanye nezolimo okuhloswe ngazo emazweni angaphandle.

ukuthuthukiswa Independent isimo umnotho nomthelela lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• kunenzuzo indawo;
• elamiswa ngePhentekoste Russian isakhiwo ukukhiqizwa Empire;
• inethiwekhi isakhula nojantshi ukuthi emakethe yasekhaya hlanganani;
• lisizwa Soviet Russia in inani ruble ayizigidi ezingu-15 e igolide okulingana.

Nokho, kwakukhona ngempela nezinkinga ezimbalwa:

• cishe kuyo yonke indawo imishini kusukela izimboni zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II,
• uphazamise ubuhlobo kwezomnotho, izwe ilahlekelwe emakethe eMpumalanga;
• US wayeka ukudla Estonia ngenxa Ukuthula Tartu;
• Estonia ibuyise ezingaphezu kuka 37 ayizinkulungwane izakhamuzi ababedinga kwezindlu kanye nemisebenzi.

Umnotho we-Estonia Soviet Socialist Republic

Incazelo emfushane emnothweni Estonia eU.SSR iqala ukubala umonakalo odalwe emisebenzini yezempi ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Phakathi kweJalimane 50% of the ekhaya zokuhlala kanye 45% wamabhizinisi zezimboni babhujiswa kuleli zwe. Umonakalo Imininingwane balinganiselwa ku ruble 16 billion ngonyaka amanani pre-impi.

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, Estonia yayiyindawo kuqala ukubaluleka ukutshalwa lengenako phakathi kwawo wonke ama-republic aseSoviet. Umnotho Estonia seyenziwe kuleyo minyaka:

1. Industrial eziyinkimbinkimbi. Developed njengoba izimayini (ke sasithathwa uwoyela oluthambile, phosphorite, futhi Peat) kanye yokukhiqiza. emkhakheni wokugcina yayihlanganisa ubunjiniyela, ukucutshungulwa metal, amakhemikhali, zendwangu nokudla izimboni.
2. Amandla. Kuyinto kuqala gazoslantsevy isitshalo Estonia zezwe lakhiwa, futhi esikhathini esizayo, futhi Hydropower sitshalo shales esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Amandla eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphelele inikeza izidingo republic futhi akavunyelwe ukudlulisela ingxenye amandla enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-USSR.
3. Umkhakha wezolimo nothi lapho. ezolimo Estonia phakathi neminyaka eSoviet Union ezikhethekile yobisi yenkomo izinkomo nezingulube. Athuthukisiwe noboya ukulima, bee-ngekhompuyutha, yenkukhu ukulima. Khula lobuchwepheshe, aklaba kanye nezitshalo.
4. uhlelo Ezokuthutha. Selokhu Izinsuku zoMbuso Wase-Russian uhlala ukuthuthukiswa inethiwekhi ujantshi kuleli zwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa komgwaqo futhi ulwandle ezokuthutha.

Ukubuyiselwa wokuzibusa kwezomnotho kwekuhlela kabusha

Phakathi ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela, umnotho Estonia elinesimo kwekuhlela kabusha emfushane. Lesi sakamuva singabangela ahlukaniswe abe amaqembu amane: ukuxegiswa, kabusha kwesakhiwo zezikhungo, ukubuya impahla uhulumeni zabanikazi obufanele, kuqiniswa. Isigaba sokuqala sale nguquko libhekene kwathatha umthethonqubo zamanani kuphela ugesi, Ukushisa izindlu zomphakathi.

Inkinga sína kwakuwukuthi ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali. Ngo-1991, babengamaphesenti angu-200%, futhi ngo-1992-i-mu wasukuma 1076%. Savings, ayegcinwa in ruble, ngokushesha yehliswa. Njengengxenye inqubomgomo entsha komnotho futhi waba madolonzima kanye uhulumeni impahla abanikazi. Maphakathi nawo-1990, le nqubo azimele komnikelo kwakucishe kuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Estonia yaba phakathi kwamazwe okuqala emhlabeni ukuthi baye bamukela flat uhlelo yentela ngemali engenayo.

Imisebenzi kanye ukulayisha Estonia imizila yezokuthutha ukuqinisekisa ukuhweba nokuba sendleleni kwezimpahla kusukela Russian Federation. On ezokuthutha ukuba sendleleni zaba 14% umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene. Iningi Estonia emalini kahulumeni (angu-60%) kwamiswa ngezithukuthuku zokuthutha umphakathi waseRussia.

Ukukhula komnotho ngemva ukubusa e-Estonia EU

Umnotho Estonia ngemva kokujoyina i-EU uye savela ngendlela enhle. Izwe ukuheha amanani abalulekile ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle. Ngu-2007, e-Estonia yayibekwe kuqala phakathi amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet-GDP lengenako. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpawu "okweqile" kwaqala ukuvela emnothweni: ekulinganiseni izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali wakhuphuka futhi, lokhu kusilela ukuhweba kunyuke ngo-11%, futhi kwakungekho okubizwa ngokuthi intengo bubble emakethe yezindlu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula komnotho aqala ukuncipha.

Ukuwa kwe-emnothweni kwezinhlansi kunezinkinga zemali global

imikhuba emibi ehambisana ne-financial crisis, futhi uvele emnothweni Estonia. Industrial Ukukhiqizwa liwa ngo-2008, imali eshodayo kusabelozimali okokuqala wasamukela, futhi GDP wathatheka emithathu nengxenye per cent. Nokho, ukuncipha 43% e wesitimela traffic kuya 8.3% anda amandla emali kwehle zakuleli kanye kwehle ukungeniswa.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa iqembu zokusebenza University of Tartu, yabonisa ukuthi umnotho Estonia ethuthuka ngokuvumelana simo ngesiGreki. Ezweni elibuswa ukuhweba nehhotela amasevisi, kanye ukwakhiwa yabadobi, hhayi zezimboni, wamabhange zezezimali nezinkonzo ibhizinisi ephezulu. Inkinga ekuthinta kakhulu umnotho Estonia, okwakwenza ukhuluma ngokuwa imodeli ekhona ekuthuthukisweni.

Isakhiwo samanje emnothweni Estonia

Umnotho Estonia kufingqwe ngala amagatsha alandelayo:

1. Umkhakha (29%). Ngezenzo ekuthuthukiseni zamakhemikhali, izimboni, amapulazi akhiqiza uginindela nephepha, nophethiloli, amandla, ifayela eliwumthombo. Ukuhlanganyela abalulekile GDP kuyinto ukwakhiwa kanye ingcebo.
2. Ezolimo (3%). Amagatsha main komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo kukhona inyama futhi avalele izinkomo, izingulube. Ezolimo is ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ukutshala ukudla nezitshalo zezimboni. Kutfutfukisa nokudoba.
3. Amasevisi (69%). Ukwanda okusheshayo e Estonia kubhekene ezokuvakasha, wezokwelapha ikakhulukazi. Eminyakeni yamuva, kakhulu isibalo sezikhungo sogu lolwandle IT-izinkampani. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela emnothweni iyona zokuthutha umphakathi ngokusebenzisa ensimini ka isimo - lokhu kungenxa indima Estonia emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-akhawunti ukuba sendleleni ngoba u-75% wesitimela traffic.

izici Regional komnotho

Umnotho Estonia ohlakaziwe ngokwendawo. Ngakho, ngo-engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yesifundazwe isimo evuthiwe embonini, le ndawo yayikhiqiza ezintathu kwezine emphahleni. Izindawo eziyinhloko zezimboni yezwe ezizungeze Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. Eningizimu ye-Estonia is kabanzi athuthukile ezolimo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe libhekene zokudoba athuthukile, kanye nokuthuthukiswa nemfuyo kanye nezokuvakasha.

Ezezimali, amabhange kanye izikweletu sangaphandle isimo

Lwemali olusemthethweni iyona euro e-Estonia, kwathatha lwemali European ne Kroon esingakaphothulwa ekuqaleni 2011. Central yasebhange imisebenzi kuleli zwe uyazigcwalisa -European Central Bank futhi igunya kazwelonke obhekene ekwengameleni, iyona Bank of Estonia. Imisebenzi yakamuva ukwanelisa izidingo sabantu ngokheshi, kanye ekuqinisekiseni nokwethenjelwa nokuzinza lonke uhlelo yasebhange.

amabhange engaba yishumi commercial ezisebenza e-Estonia. Kulokhu, ezingaphezu kuka-ingxenye yesibili yazo kahle imali enganyelwe abadlali ezimbili eziyinhloko emakethe yezimali - IsiSwidi Swedbank futhi SEB ebhange. ukuthuthukiswa Esitebeleni nezomnotho kuleli zwe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sandise kwenkululeko yasebhange obolekisayo.

izikweletu zomphakathi sangaphandle Estonia yilona aphansi phakathi amazwe angaphansi kwe-European Union, lokulandisa 10% umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene njengoba ka 2012. Maphakathi nawo-nineties sibalo Ngangihola ingxenye GDP, futhi ngo-2010 safinyelela 120% we-gross womkhiqizo wakuleli. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye esikweletini kukhona nezikweletu zezimali of credit izikhungo.

Isakhiwo ukuhweba umkhakha wezangaPhandle

main kwezohwebo Estonia sika kukhona omakhelwane enyakatho, kanye Russia nase-European Union. Amaqembu main namanye amazwe omanyolo amaminerali, zokubasa kanye zokugcoba, emphahleni, imishini kanye nezinto zokusebenza, imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene esiphelele.

Income sabantu, umsebenzi kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi

I share elikhulu labantu Estonia (67%) abayizakhamuzi enamandla - akusho zihlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka nezisebenzi Estonia yesimanje. Umnotho enikeziwe Manpower, Nokho, isilinganiso Izinga labangasebenzi kuyinto 6%, okuhambelana isilinganiso. Nge-awara linye (emsebenzini njalo njalo ngehora), udokotela ungathola euro kancane kuka eziyisishiyagalolunye, abahlengikazi - ezinhlanu euro, abahlengikazi, nannies nabahlengikazi - euro ezintathu. Komholo ngaphambi kokususwa kwe tax safinyelela 1.105-euro. Amaholo ilingana 470 euro ngenyanga.