I-European Central Bank (ECB). Imisebenzi ye-European Central Bank

I-European Central Bank - Yibhange ephakathi ye-European Union kanye yeYurobhu iba. It is njengoba bhange elizimele kakhulu emhlabeni eyaziwa. Kuyinto lokhu inhlangano yezimali unelungelo eligcwele lokunquma kunoma iyiphi eziphathelene euro. Yezefundo eyasungulwa ngo-1998. Umengameli wokuqala we isikhungo sezezimali kwaba Wim Duisenberg, ngubani kukhethwe esiyiminyaka 5. Ngo-October 2003, ngesikhathi kutheleka umengameli omusha wathatha Jean-Klod Trishe. Namuhla, ukuma ehola kungokwalabo Mario Draghi.

indaba

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili waqala ubunye Europe. Kuvulwa ngokwakhiwa futhi kumiswa isikhala esisodwa emakethe. Esikhathini kusuka 1947 kuya ku-1957, it kwenziwa ngempumelelo ngesikhathi kuhlanganiswa indawo ukuvela okucishe kufane nalokhu State of the European Izinkokhelo Union. Ngo-1957, kukhona inhlangano lamazwe ngobukhulu YaseYurophu ngo-European Economic Community. Ngo-1979, i-EEC wethula imali okunemibandela - ECU - I-imizana enanikade kuboshelwe ubhasikidi zezimali European. Isivumelwano kwi ukwakheka European lwemali kule ndawo, futhi the ECB isayinwe ngo-1988. CB "Central European Bank" yavela ngemva ukungena ngemvume 1992 ensimini ka Maahstrihta samazwe onke liqine-European Union, kanye ngemva kokwakhiwa European Monetary Institute, elaba nesandla ukulungiselela kwathatha elikhulu nohlobo lwemali olulodwa - euro.

Kwangaphandle kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi

I-European Central Bank has a ithimba esiyingqayizivele. Kuhlanganisa abameleli abavela ngamunye aMalunga eMibuso EU. Imibuzo mayelana nokuqhutshwa enkampanini yezimali, zenzalo, amanothi promissory nezinye izinto, icacisa Directorate of izikhungo, kanye Board of Governors. Abaphathi kunabantu 6, ne usihlalo ibhange, kanye nePhini lakhe, kukonke. IBhodi isitho ekhethelwe i eside eyisishiyagalombili. Iziphakamiso indawo Directorate nawo akhetha futhi kubhekwe yiPhalamende European kanye nabaholi uthi ayingxenye zone euro. The ECB eyilungu System European Central Banks, okubandakanya National Bank of European Union. Uhlelo ngamazwe usebenza ku-algorithm ezimbili-level. Noma yimuphi umbuzo mayelana komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali ixazululwe kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi isivumelwano kufinyelelwe ku ngamunye amazinga.

Uhlolojikelele

Central European Bank kusukela yaqala ngo eJalimane, e Frankfurt, munye ngaphansi kobuholi lonke uhlelo amabhange central European. Isakhiwo Ukwakheka yakhiwa:

• Bank of Belgium.
• Bundensbank.
• Bank of Greece.
• I Bank of Spain.
• I Bank of France.
• Luxembourg Monetary Institute.

Isimo kwenhlangano engokomthetho kuphela the ECB, zonke ezinye izikhungo zezimali kufakwe ohlelweni ukudlala indima amayunithi asizayo. imisebenzi yabo encane. Inhloso eyinhloko ukuvimbela ECB ephakeme amanani futhi sinjalo emali, okuyinto akumele leqe 2%. Noma yimuphi izinqumo nezenzo ibhange nethonya eliqondile phezu euro exchange rate ngokumelene ezinye izinhlobo zemali zomhlaba. iyehla iyenyuka Cijela kubangela ushintsho inani lenzalo kanye sokubolekwa aMalunga eMibuso Union.

Yini the ECB?

Central European Bank imisebenzi evelele amaningi:

• Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo yemali endaweni endaweni euro.
• Ezokuphepha, intuthuko nokulawula zigcine exchange of isimo esemthethweni euro-zone.
• Impikiswano euro.
• Ukubeka zenzalo.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama ezonini euro.

Izinkomba of the ECB kukhona Inkomba amanani kwezimpahla ngamakhasimende lonke EU futhi ubukhulu supply imali, okuyinto ukwanda akufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-4.5% ngonyaka.

Ukhiye zenzalo yebhange

Imisebenzi ye-European Central Bank ukumboza ukuhlonza kanye zenzalo. Isithakazelo amazinga kungaba izinhlobo ezintathu:

• Izinga refinancing. Lona inani lenzalo, okuyinto inquma inani eliphansi we izicelo ekhangayo izinto zabo ezibonakalayo ithenda aphethwe the ECB.
• Izinga lenzalo yemali mboleko ku imali. Lona inani lenzalo, okuyinto base lapho ukubeka imali etholakala izikhungo the ECB sika. Ukukala uba umkhawulo engezansi zenzalo emakethe ngobusuku obubodwa.
• Izinga Asemphethweni emalini ebolekwe - izinga lapho amabhange isakhiwo se-ESS, ungathola loan, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze silondoloze zezimali yesikhashana. Izinga Asemphethweni udlala indima mkhawulo senhlobo kuhambisana isithakazelo emakethe amanani ngobusuku obubodwa.

Ngokufaka zalezi zinhlobo amazinga,-European Central Bank kudala ukubiza noma supply lwemali, kuqinisekisa kwato futhi ilawula nokuphuma kwemali ngaphakathi zone.

hlinzeka Jikelele

I-European Central Bank imfundo esiyingqayizivele zomthetho, omsebenzi wakhe kusekelwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Inhlokodolobha ogunyaziwe sikhungo ngesikhathi indalo yayo zazilingana 5 euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe bamasheya kwakungamadodana amabhange elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. German "Bundesbank" nomthelela 18.9% yenhloko-dolobha, i-Bank of France - 14.2%, Italy Bank - 12.5%, Bank of Spain - 8.3%. Ezinye izindaba zika-Central Bank of amazwe aseYurophu babe phakathi 0.1% futhi 3.9% of the initial share capital. Uqondisa inhlangano yezimali ebhodini isigungu esiphetheko okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, - inhloko uMongameli wakhe ukuma kwe-European Central Bank. Isici esiyinhloko inhlangano yezimali - kuyinto ukuzimela ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sikhungo ubophekile ukuba ngonyaka ulethe umbiko ngemisebenzi yayo ukuze European Parliament, i-European Commission, oPhethe European Union kanye loMkhandlu WaseYurophu.

Izindawo Yemfihlo

Kute siphumelelise tinhloso yayo the ECB amathuluzi asebenziseka ezifana sinjalo ezibolekiwe kanye mortgage izindali, exchange angaphandle imisebenzi kanye zokukhokhelwa emakethe evulekile. Ithuluzi enamandla kakhulu wesi kwezimakethe - a-European Central Bank izinga. yemali umsebenzi sikhungo kusekelwe izimiso yokuzibusa ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, kanye imizimba supranational ezifana isinqumo. Umsebenzi muva ngokuyinhloko akuhileli ukuphoqwa e agqagqene izikweletu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ukuze uthole isinqumo ngasinye isimemezelo ezithile zayo kumelwe livoti, amalungu iningi beBhodi. Ngamunye wabo has eyodwa kuphela ithuba ukuze uvote. Inhloko-European Central Bank kufanele ulandele kweBhodi. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ukwamukelwa of izixazululo eziqondile ukuze nokuqaliswa kwalo kungenziwa bahileleke amabhange central aseYurophu.

Amandla ECB kanye namabhange central kazwelonke

ECB ngaphansi imizamo ngokubambisana Central Association of-United Amaphathi liyoba nelungelo ukwakha ubudlelwano namanye amazwe we-Central Bank futhi, uma kunesidingo, kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana. Vula amathuba ukuthola, ukudayiswa nokudlulisa zonke izinhlobo amafa, kuhlanganise bullion. Umqondo "amafa kanzima" kuhlanganisa izibambiso nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemali kanye nanoma iziphi izici amayunithi sibalo. Ivunyelwe yifa nokuphathwa kwempahla. ECB uqhuba anhlobonhlobo ýkhasýmende izinhlangano kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, njengoba abalingani ukuthi izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ingaba njengesihluthulelo abameleli wesithathu. Ukubambisana kungabanga kwemali abolekise imisebenzi. Ngaphandle imisebenzi eyisisekelo eshiwo ngenhla, iBhange European ekhatsi netjhebiswano neenarha-Central European ukuraga imisebenzi nge injongo zokuphatha, futhi senze izithakazelo ebhodini. Kuvele esiteji ebalulekile isinqumo imisebenzi asebhange kungenziwa ngokuthi ukwakheka European Monetary System, elaba khona ngo-1979.

European Monetary System ngaphakathi kohlaka ECB

Izinga refinancing kwe-European Central Bank - akuyona into esithinta European lwemali ohlelweni. EMU futhi ngokwalo enezinto eziningi imisebenzi ethize. Ungakwazi ukuxoxa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

• Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza yemali ngaphakathi EU.
• yokuncishiswa enkulu yama inqubo convergence nge ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho asebenzayo.
• Ngokuya ohlelo yemali inikeza iqhinga letuthuko.
• Systematization lwemali ozinzile futhi sezomnotho i uhlamvu ngamazwe.

Kuyinto sibonga yethula kunyatheliswa lwemali ezifana ECU, le-European Union uthi ziye zaphumelela ukuphila inhlekelele yama-80s. Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-inqubo emali zisusiwe imikhawulo kwemali zamanje. Kusukela ngo-1990, kwenza kophuzo dolobha imodi. Ekuqaleni, Inhloso ye-EU kwaba ukunikeza izimo elikhulu ukuhamba kwezimpahla namasevisi, inhloko-dolobha kanye nabasebenzi. The ECB sidalwe ukugqugquzela ukwethulwa olulodwa lwemali, obufanako. Umsebenzi wakhe namanje ezingeni lokuhlela kwakuwukusiza ekuhleleni izindlela zesikhungo kanye zomthetho ukuze ukudidiyelwa hhayi kuphela inqubomgomo angaphandle, kodwa futhi inqubomgomo nokuvikeleka ngamunye Party State.