12 ngazimbili of izinzwa cranial: etafuleni. izinzwa Cranial: ukusatshalaliswa kanye nencazelo emfushane

Sagcina esukela nangaphandle ubuchopho, okuthiwa izinzwa cranial. Sokusabalalisa incazelo emfushane ngazinye kubhekwa esihlokweni esilandelayo.

Izinhlobo nezinzwa pathology

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izinzwa:

• motor;
• okuxubile;
• ebucayi.

Neurology motor izinzwa cranial njengoba olubucayi futhi hybrid, ikhulumelani ukubonakaliswa ukuthi ochwepheshe kalula ukuxilonga. Ngaphezu izilonda isehlane of izinzwa ngabanye kungalima- nalezo ngesikhathi esifanayo amaqembu ahlukene. Ngenxa ulwazi ngendawo yabo nemisebenzi kungenzeka nje kuphela ukuqonda onjani emsipheni siphukile, kodwa futhi kube okwasekhaya kuleyo ndawo ethintekile. Lokhu kuba attainable izindlela ezikhethekile usebenzisa imishini zobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-umkhuba amehlo, ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla, kungenzeka ukwazi isimo fundus, emsipheni optic, ukucacisa emkhakheni buka bese ebasa ukulahlekelwa.

Inani elihle ikhomba carotid angiography futhi verterbalnaya. Kodwa ulwazi oluthe xaxa ingatholakala usebenzisa computed tomography. Ngalo, ungabona umuntu nerve iziqu kanye ukuhlonza izimila kanye nezinye izinguquko sokuzwa, ezibukwayo kanye nezinye izinzwa.

Hlola trigeminal nezinzwa sokuzwa Lwenziwe-indlela cortical nekhono somatosensory. Futhi e Kulokhu, audiograph futhi nistagmografiya.

Ukuthuthukiswa electromyography enwetshiwe amathuba ukuthola olunye ulwazi mayelana izinzwa cranial. Manje ungakwazi ukuhlola, isibonelo, blink impendulo reflex, nokuguqulwa imisipha umsebenzi ku isimo sobuso, ukusebenzelana imisipha ukuhlafuna ulimi, ulwanga, nokunye.

Hlala ngasinye kulezi ezingenhla namabhuzu izinzwa. Sekukonke kukhona 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial. Ithebula, lapho ahlelwe ekupheleni isihloko. Okwamanje, ake sicabangele ngayinye ngazimbili ngokwehlukile.

1 pair. incazelo

Lokhu kufaka ezinzwa olfactory kusukela iqembu ebucayi. Uma lokhu yokwamukela amaseli abahlakazeke epithelium we ingaphakathi acinene engxenyeni olfactory. Izacile ezinzwa cell ezihlobene bagxila sesigcilikisha olfactory akha imizwa olfactory. Kusukela emsipheni acinene ingena ngaphakathi komgodi cranial ngokusebenzisa izimbobo we ipuleti wethambo ethmoid, futhi iphela ingilazi kuyiphi zivela central endleleni olfactory.

2 pair. ezinzwa ezibukwayo

Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-pair yama emsipheni optic, ezibangelwa iqembu ebucayi. axons neuronal lapha zidlule plate igridi umgqomo inhlamvu yeso eyodwa, iwela ingaphakathi cranial. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba ubuchopho yalezi izinzwa nhlangothi zombili izingxenye futhi udale izindlela futhi optic chiasm. Izindlela ukuya umcamelo thalamus futhi geniculate umzimba, ngemva kwalokho central indlela ezibukwayo iqondiswe Lobe occipital zobuchopho.

3 ububi ngentukuthelo. efferent ezinzwa

Oculomotor (motor), owenziwa izinzwa esukela emizweni zitholakala grey ndaba zobuchopho ngaphansi kwamanzi agelezayo. Ukuze base sidlule phakathi emilenzeni, bese singena orbit iso futhi innervates kwemisipha (ngaphandle phezulu kanye yangaphandle umugqa etshekile of innervation hlangana nezinye izinzwa zabo cranial, ngazimbili 12, esibonisa ngazo itafula iyibonisa ngokucacile zonke zazo kuhlanganisiwe). Lokhu kungenxa eziqukethwe izinzwa we parasympathetic.

4 ububi ngentukuthelo. ezidabukisayo

Kulesi pair kuhlanganisa trochlear ezinzwa (motor) sivela core ngaphansi kunomsele cerebral kanye ebusweni ebhekene we useyili endaweni kobuchopho. Kule ngxenye uphendulela chiasm, eguqa imilenze futhi Ukungena ku emzileni. Lokhu pair innervated aphakeme imisipha etshekile.

5, i-pair of the ngababili 12 izinzwa cranial

Ithebula uyaqhubeka ezinzwa trigeminal ezihlobene okuxubile kakade. Esikhathini sawo sokuphila samanje isiqu sezinzwa kanye motor nuclei futhi ngesisekelo - izimpande zabo kanye namagatsha. Imicu yotshani Ukudideka angasuselwa aphethe amaseli trigeminal kabani dendrites ukudala amagatsha neuropathy ukuthi innervate isikhumba phambi ekhanda nobuso, amazinyo izinsini, conjunctiva ocular, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila we ikhala, umlomo, ulimi.
Motor Imicu yotshani (kusuka emsipheni trigeminal) exhunywe kwi-mandibular emsipheni legatsha, futhi lwahlolwa innervate imisipha masticatory.

6 pair. abducens

ingxenye Landelayo 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial (Ithebula esabela yona motor izinzwa iqembu) kufaka abducens pair. Kuqala kusukela nuclei iseli Pons, wakhwela isizinda futhi ezihamba phambili kuya slot esemkhathini phezulu bese kuya isokhethi iso. It usinikeza imisipha iso ngqo (yangaphandle).

7 umusi. facialis

Lokhu pair siqukethe emsipheni ebusweni (motor) ekhiqizwa kusukela cell ezihlobene motor-nucleus. Le micu ziqale ukuphuma kushaft ezansi i-ventricle wesine, kudlule emhlabeni wesine emsipheni nucleus phansi ungene engela ibhuloho-cerebellar. It ke ihamba ukuvulwa sokuzwa, ku emseleni we emsipheni ebusweni. Ngemva indlala parotid, ihlukanisa ku amagatsha ukuthi innervate le imisipha yobuso nesimo sobuso, kanye nabanye abaningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathi elisukela stem kwelinye igatsha innervates imisipha elele maphakathi nendlebe.

8 umusi. ezinzwa sokuzwa

Laba bobabili yesishiyagalombili ngazimbili 12 izinzwa cranial (Ithebula libabiza ke imizwa ezibucayi) siqukethe emsipheni sokuzwa noma vestibulocochlear, okubandakanya izingxenye ezimbili: vestibular futhi cochlear. Cochlear ingxenye siqukethe dendrites futhi axons Node Kuvunguza e bone cochlea. Enye ingxenye elisukela engeyokuqala vestibular ezansi le meatus sokuzwa. Nerve nhlangothi zombili ixhunywe indlebe umsele emsipheni sokuzwa.

I Imicu yotshani ekupheleni vestibular ku nuclei ukuthi kukhona fossa rhomboid futhi cochlear - nuclei cochlear e le Pons.

9 pair. ezinzwa glossopharyngeal

Ithebula nezinzwa cranial uyaqhubeka pair lesishiyagalolunye, okumelelwe emsipheni glossopharyngeal. Kuhlanganisa sezinzwa, motor, fibre secretory kanye isithokela. Kukhona izixhumanisi obuseduze izinzwa vagus futhi Lesisemkhatsini. Abaningi babecabanga ukuthi lesi core emsipheni ise oblongata medulla. Basuke kwabelwe ngazimbili yeshumi neshumi nambili.

Yezinzwa ngababili zenziwe umgqomo, kokushiya ingaphakathi cranial. Ngokuba wesithathu posterior ka ulwanga kanye nolimi ukunambitheka kanye emsipheni sezinzwa ukuze zengaphakathi lendlebe futhi pharynx - ebucayi, ngokuba pharynx - zomshini ukuze nezindlala parotid - secretory.

10 umusi. vagus

Ithebula elilandelayo nezinzwa cranial uyaqhubeka pair ehlanganisa emsipheni vagus, okuyinto endowed anemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Isiqu sawo iqala kusukela ezimpandeni ku oblongata medulla. Ukuza aphume ngalo ingaphakathi cranial, pharynx ezinzwa innervates imisipha striated futhi amalaka, esibhakabhakeni, uqhoqhoqho, bronchi kanye izitho zokugaya.

Imicu yotshani Ukudideka innervate esifundeni occipital zobuchopho, ngaphandle meatus sokuzwa, izitho asele. Imicu yotshani Secretory aqondiswe esiswini kanye amanyikwe, vasomotor - ezitsheni, parasympathetic - inhliziyo.

11 pair. Incazelo emsipheni-accessory

Kwethulwa kule pair of nerve-accessory yakhiwa izingxenye yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Eyokuqala livela nucleus motor we oblongata medulla, kanti owesibili - kusukela nucleus kuze kube sezimpondweni ze emgogodleni. Izimpande axhunyiwe nomunye futhi ziyaphuma ugebhezi umbhangqwana yeshumi. Ezinye zazo uya emsipheni vagus.

It innervates imisipha - sternoclavicular-mastoid futhi trapezoid.

12 pair

It iphela itafula isifinyezo izinzwa cranial nabaningana emsipheni hypoglossal. enkabeni yalo ezansi le oblongata medulla. Ukuza aphume ugebhezi, usinikeza ulimi imisipha.

wesifunda okunjalo okuyisibonelo 12 imibhangqwana izinzwa cranial. Ukuze afingqe ngenhla.

Ake ubheke uhlu, elibonisa nezinzwa cranial, 12 ngazimbili. ithebula.

isiphetho

Lena isakhiwo futhi izinzwa umsebenzi idatha. pair ngalinye linendima ebalulekile. Njalo ezinzwa siyingxenye ye uhlelo omkhulu, futhi sincike kuyo kanye lonke uhlelo - wokusebenza nezinzwa ngabanye.