Amaprotheni: Sakhiwo umsebenzi amaprotheni

Amaphrotheni kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Lezi zinto zehlela macromolecular zinezikhathi laqanjwa ethile futhi hydrolysis ukubola ku-amino acid. Amaphrotheni molecule kungaba ezakheke ehlukahlukene, iningi lawo aqukethe ngamaketanga eziningana polypeptide. Ulwazi mayelana isakhiwo amaprotheni okubhalwe ku-DNA, futhi amaprotheni molecule inqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama ngokuthi wokuhumusha.

I amakhemikhali ukwakheka amaprotheni

amaprotheni Isilinganiso iqukethe:

• 52% i-carbon;
• 7% hydrogen;
• 12% i-nitrogen;
• 21% umoya-mpilo;
• 3% sulphur.

Amaphrotheni molecule - kukhona polymers. Ukuze uzwisise isakhiwo, odinga ukukwazi kuyini monomers zabo - amino acid.

amino acid

Abakwazi zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ezenzeka njalo futhi ngezinye izikhathi nazo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka inikeza 18 amaprotheni monomers amide kanye 2: aspartic acid glutamic acid. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona acid ezintathu kuphela.

Lezi acid kungenziwa labizwa ngetindlela letehlukene: ubunjalo amaketanga ohlangothini noma wabayala radicals, futhi bona ingahlukaniswa ngenani amaqembu, CN futhi COOH.

Isakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni

I-oda kwama-amino acid esikuziphathimandla amaprotheni inquma amazinga kwalo okwalandela kwenhlangano, izici nemisebenzi. The main indlela yokuxhumana phakathi monomers kuyinto peptide. Lakhiwa ukususwa hydrogen komunye aminoksloty futhi OH iqembu omunye.

Izinga lokuqala enhlanganweni engqamuzaneni amaprotheni - ukulandelana amino acid kuwo, nje uchungechunge, ebheka isakhiwo wamaprotheni molecule. Siqukethe "skeleton" kokuba isakhiwo njalo. Lokhu ukulandelana okuphindaphindiwe -NH-CH-ngokubambisana. ezizivelelayo ezithile ohlangothini amaketango amino acid ethulwa (R), izakhiwo zabo ukunquma ukubunjwa nesakhiwo amaprotheni.

Ngisho noma isakhiwo esifanayo yamangqamuzana amaprotheni, bangase kuhluke ngezakhiwo kuphela babe ukulandelana ezahlukene monomers lapha. I-oda we amino acid e iprotheni kunqunywa izakhi zofuzo kanye amaprotheni abizele imisebenzi ethile yemvelo. Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe monomers e amangqamuzana obhekene engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo, ngokuvamile eduze e zinhlobo ezahlukene. molecule anjalo - noma okufanayo ukuhlela futhi enze izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo - amaprotheni homologous. Ukwakheka, properties kanye nemisebenzi yezakhi esizayo abekwa at the stage of zamagama ngamaketanga amino acid.

Ezinye izici ezivamile

Isakhiwo amaprotheni ibilokhu wafunda isikhathi eside, futhi isakhiwo eyinhloko ucwaningo lwabo wasivumela ukuba enze ezinye izinto ngokuvamile. Ukuze uthole inombolo enkulu amaprotheni libhekene phambi kwabo bonke amino acid amabili, zazo glycine ikakhulukazi ezinkulu, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine futhi tryptophan kancane, arginine, methionine, histidine. Okuhlukile ezimbalwa kuphela amaqembu amaprotheni, ezifana histones. Bayadingeka upakisha-DNA futhi aqukethe eningi histidine.

Eyesibili nje okungaqondile: akukho amaphethini ajwayelekile kule amino acid ngaphakathi alternation of amaprotheni globular. Kodwa ngisho umsebenzi ezikude begazi we polypeptides izinsalela elincane yezinhlayiya efanayo.

isakhiwo yesibili

Izinga lesibili yenhlangano yochungechunge polypeptide - kuyinto isikhundla salo kwendawo, okuyinto alondolozwa hydrogen izibopho. Secrete α-Helix futhi β-emhlanjini. Circuit ingxenye uye isakhiwo ngaphambilini, izindawo zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi amorphous.

Alpha-Helix emvelo amaprotheni pravozakruchennaya. amaqembu Side amino acid e Helix njalo ebheke phandle futhi esisogwini izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo axis awo. Uma kunjalo-non-polar, kukhona yokwenza iqembu yabo eyodwa ohlangothini Helix etholwe arc, okuyinto ukudala izimo ngoba tekuhlangana ezifundeni ezahlukene Helical.

Beta-nesibaya - Helix side kakhulu - zivame ukuhlala e-molecule ye-protein ne akhiwa ezisondele kanye parallel non-parallel izingqimba β-ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko.

Isakhiwo ephakeme amaprotheni

Izinga lesithathu yenhlangano engqamuzaneni amaprotheni - alo lemiklamo, emphethweni kanye nezifunda amorphous e isakhiwo ezihlangene. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye ohlangothini kwagqashuka amaketanga kuzozonke monomers ngokwabo. link okunjalo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:

• hydrogen izibopho akhiwa phakathi ezizivelelayo polar;
• Hydrophobic - phakathi R-amaqembu non-polar;
• electrostatic amabutho ezikhangayo (izibopho ionic) - phakathi kwamaqembu, amacala okuyizinto okuphambene;
• amabhuloho disulfide - phakathi cysteine ezizivelelayo.

Uhlobo yokugcina uxhumano (-S = S-) limelela covalent ukuxhumana. amabhuloho Disulfide ukuqinisa amaprotheni, isakhiwo yabo iba umuntu omdala ophumelelayo. Kodwa khona ukuxhumana anjalo kungaqali ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, cysteine kungenzeka kancane kakhulu iketango polypeptide, noma-ke ezizivelelayo eseduze futhi awukwazi ukwakha "ibhuloho '.

Izinga lesine kwenhlangano

Kumiswa isakhiwo quaternary, akuzona zonke amaprotheni. Isakhiwo amaphrotheyini ezingeni lesine kunqunywa inani polypeptide ngamaketanga (protomers). Basuke ahlanganiswa ndawonye yi-ukuxhumana efanayo ezingeni odlule kwenhlangano, ngaphezu disulfide amabhuloho. I-molecule siqukethe eziningi protomers, ngamunye wabo siqu ekhethekile (noma ezifanayo) oyiyo ephakeme.

Wonke amazinga inhlangano ukunquma izici oluzosiza uthole amaprotheni. Isakhiwo amaprotheni ezingeni lokuqala enhlanganweni kuyinto ngokunembile kakhulu inquma indima yabo okwalandela kuseli futhi umzimba iyonke.

Imisebenzi amaprotheni

Kunzima ngisho nokuyicabanga indlela ebalulekile efezwa namaprotheni umsebenzi cell. Ngenhla siye wabheka isakhiwo sabo. Imisebenzi amaprotheni encike ngqo kwi-ke.

Buciko isakhiwo (kwesakhiwo) umsebenzi, akha isisekelo sanoma ibuphi cytoplasm ingqamuzana ephilayo. Lezi polymers kukhona impahla oyinhloko zonke ulwelwesi cell, lapho isandiso ngendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nge lipids. Lokhu kuhlanganisa cell division zibe linezingxenye, ngalinye elikwazi zenzeka indlela esisabela ngayo. Iqiniso lokuthi kudingeka imigomo yayo, lelibalulekile lekumele eyadlalwa pH naphakathi ngamunye eziyinkimbinkimbi izinqubo yeselula. Amaphrotheni akha izindonga mncane, iyiphi ukwehlukana iseli linezingxenye okuthiwa. Kodwa lo mkhuba uye wabizwa ngokuthi compartmentalization.

Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba ukulawula zonke ukusabela yeselula. Zonke enzyme umsuka ilula noma amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Noma yimuphi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukunyakaza (umsebenzi imisipha, ukunyakaza ku protoplasm cell, ciliary kulokolokoza e lenyama futhi t. D.) Yenziwa amaprotheni. Isakhiwo amaphrotheni kubenza bakwazi ukuthuthela ifomu zemicu izindandatho. Umsebenzi ezokuthutha wukuthi izinto eziningi zithutha yonkana cell ulwelwesi yenethiwekhi amaprotheni ethize.

indima kwama-hormone yalezi polymers kuyaqondakala ngesikhathi esisodwa: ku isakhiwo eziningi hormone ngamaphrotheni, ezifana-insulin, oxytocin.

Yomiselela umsebenzi kunqunywa ukuze amaprotheni bayakwazi ukwakha imali. Ngokwesibonelo, valgumin amaqanda, ubisi casein, isitshalo imbewu isitoreji amaprotheni - inqwaba izakhi egcinwe therein.

Zonke imisipha, ukuhambisana ngokuhlanganyela, amathambo skeleton, izinselo kwakhiwa amaprotheni, okuyinto ke kusiletha kwenye imisebenzi yabo - asekelayo.

Amaphrotheni molecule kukhona la mangqamuzana abathwele ukuqashelwa ukukhetha izinto ezithile. Kuleli qhaza lethu, ikakhulukazi eyaziwa glycoproteins futhi lectins.

Izinto ebaluleke kakhulu amasosha omzimba - amasosha omzimba futhi umsuka umphelelisi uhlelo ngamaphrotheni. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo igazi coagulation kusekelwe izinguquko fibrinogen amaprotheni. Kwezindonga engaphakathi emphinjeni kanye isisu kuthiwa uphahlwe ungqimba zokuzivikela amaprotheni lwamafinyila - Litsinija. Ubuthi futhi amaprotheni yomsuka. isikhumba isisekelo, ivikelwe umzimba isilwane kuyi-collagen. Zonke lezi imisebenzi ngamaphrotheni zokuzivikela.

Awu, wokugcina umsebenzi irowu - zokulawula. Kukhona amaprotheni ezilawula umsebenzi ufuzo. Okusho ukuthi lokulawula umbhalo kanye wokuhumusha.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indima yomama ibalulekile kudlalwa amaprotheni, isakhiwo amaprotheni kwaba ososayensi unriddled isikhathi eside. Manje benza esinye Uvula izindlela ezintsha ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi.