Ukwahlukanisa amaqembu umkhiqizo ukudla. Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo yobisi

Omunye izimboni ebaluleke kakhulu ukudla, ngenxa nsuku zonke umzimba womuntu kudinga nophethiloli - ezihlukahlukene ukudla ku yemvelo futhi ifomu kusetshenzwe. Nokumisa futhi lula itheminoloji wawo wonke ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo ukudla kwenza ngezigaba zabo.

Ukwahlukanisa ukudla: kuyini?

Ukuze bakwazi ukukhiqiza ngendlela efanele, ukuthengisa kanye nokugcina ukudla, kubalulekile ekuqaleni lokufeza ngezigaba zabo.

Ukwahlukanisa ukudla - inqubo okunengqondo lokwephula isiqalo nesigcino ukudla ku amaqembu amazinga ehlukene generality, ngokuvumelana izimfuneko ezithile.

I Lezimpahla Ucwaningo kukhona ngeengaba eziningana ukudla, okuyilezi: ezemfundo, commercial, standard, izibalo ukuhweba kwezomnotho kanye angaphandle. ezimbili zokuqala abhekwa ezivamile.

Inani ngezigaba ukudla

Ukwahlukanisa ukudla olandela Izinjongo amaningi, okuyilezi:

• ukusiza ukushintsha inqubo yokuqoqa sicubungula ulwazi mayelana nomkhiqizo;
• lula ucwaningo of umthengi izakhiwo imikhiqizo ukudla, ukwakheka izimfuneko zesistimu ukudla, ezimali nokuhlela inzuzo yabo;
• ukusiza ukuthuthukisa izindlela kahle emaphaketheni, ukuhlela elilungile isitoreji izindlela kanye ukuhanjiswa kokudla;
• ukukhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa okunengqondo izimpahla phansi Ukuhweba in the ishede;
• ukudala isisekelo isitifiketi imikhiqizo ukudla;
• lula ukuhlonzwa kwalokho zabathengi isidingo imikhiqizo ukudla.

Ukuze kubuthwe ulwazi mayelana nemikhiqizo kanye processing zabo besebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene imishini computer. Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo software ngesisekelo ububanzi bokusebenzisa kuhlanganisa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo: i-software uhlelo, amaphakheji isicelo kanye ne-software. Ukuphatha ezihlukahlukene ulwazi izicelo wemfanelo.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngezigaba imikhiqizo osetshenziswayo isofthiwe luhlukaniswe zinhlobo ezilandelayo: Umbhalo abahleli kanye zonke izilimi, abahleli ingcaca, ukuphathwa semininingwane izinhlelo, ama-spreadsheet; accounting system, uloba management system, ukuhlaziywa kwezimali kanye nabanye. Konke okungenhla isofthiwe isetshenziswa ukuphathwa inzuzo ukudla imikhiqizo.

Ukwahlukaniswa imikhiqizo ukudla okuhloswe

Ngesisekelo lapho uya khona konke ukudla zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine:

1. Ukudla imikhiqizo mass ukusetshenziswa.
2. imikhiqizo Medical-wezokudla nokwelapha kanye prophylactic.
3. Izimpahla senzelwe ingane umsoco.
4. ukudla Functional:

• ukudla eziqinisiwe;
• izithako ukudla physiologically wesitayela;
• ukudla Probiotic;
• probiotics;
• prebiotics;
• synbiotics.

Ukwahlukanisa ezihambelana namazinga engenhla

Ukwahlukanisa ukudla aphethwe amazinga engenhla izici ezivamile.

Ngakho, ngesisekelo umsuka yonke imikhiqizo ukudla zihlukaniswe amaqembu amane:

• imikhiqizo amakhambi (okusanhlamvu, imifino, izithelo, okusanhlamvu, amakhowe, njll);
• imikhiqizo okuvela ezilwaneni (inyama, inhlanzi, ukudla kwasolwandle, njll);
• amaminerali (sodium chloride);
• umsuka biosynthetic (uviniga).

Ngesisekelo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ukudla zihlukaniswe zibe:

• amaprotheni;
• carbohydrate;
• amafutha;
• amaminerali.

Ngesisekelo degree of imikhiqizo okulungisa ukudla yilezi:

• eluhlaza;
• imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile;
• ngomumo.

Yiqiniso, lokhu akukona ngezigaba oluphelele ukudla okuyisisekelo. Isigcawu ngasinye imikhiqizo ukudla hierarchically siqukethe amaqembu amancane (zilwane, izinhlobo, cultivars, njll) kuncike izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukwakhiwa, ubuchwepheshe lokukhiqiza, futhi esinye isici wobunye esaba.

Ukufunda ngezigaba imikhiqizo ukudla

Ukufunda ngezigaba ukudla ngemacembu elisetshenziswa Merchandizing ucwaningo zabathengi izakhiwo izimpahla, izimiso kumiswa lezi izakhiwo kanye nokongiwa yabo. Ngokusho ngezigaba ngenhla, zonke izinto ukudla zib amaqembu 9 ngesisekelo umsuka ezivamile, amakhemikhali ukwakheka, ubuchwepheshe, lapho uya khona futhi isitoreji izici:

• imikhiqizo corn-ufulawa;
• imikhiqizo zezithelo nemifino nesikhunta;
• ushukela, uju, isitashi nesitolo imikhiqizo;
• amafutha ezidliwayo;
• imikhiqizo inyama;
• imikhiqizo inhlanzi;
• imikhiqizo yobisi;
• amaqanda kanye nemikhiqizo Iqanda;
• isithokela imikhiqizo.

ngezigaba Sikhungo aim ukuhlola ububanzi kwezimpahla, kanye nesici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuqoka umkhiqizo ukudla.

Trade Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo ukudla amaqembu

Trade Ukwahlukanisa ukudla amaqembu kusiza kahle beka izimpahla emashalofini uphinde uhlele isitoreji yabo kahle. Ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, amaqembu elandelayo kwezimpahla:

• imikhiqizo ebhikawozi;
• izithelo nemifino;
• yobisi namafutha imikhiqizo;
• ukudla okunoshukela;
• inyama kanye nenyama imikhiqizo;
• kanye nezinhlanzi imikhiqizo;
• imikhiqizo Iqanda;
• amafutha ezidliwayo;
• iziphuzo ezibandayo;
• Iwayini kanye iziphuzo;
• kwimikhiqizo evuthayo kagwayi.

Grocers gourmet

Ngo ukuhweba, Ukwahlukaniswa ukudla inikeza ubunye okunemibandela yonke imikhiqizo ukudla zokudla kanye gourmet.

Isigaba libhekisela ufulawa zokudla, pasta, okusanhlamvu, ushukela, usawoti, isitashi, imvubelo, itiye, ikhofi, izinongo kanye zemifino amafutha.

Gastronomic umkhiqizo iqembu yakhiwa ngomumo-kuya-sidle imikhiqizo, okungukuthi, ayi, inyama kanye nenhlanzi okusemathinini futhi inyama, ushizi, ibhotela kanye neminye imikhiqizo yobisi, utshwala futhi lithambile, ezinye isinongo.

Ububanzi imikhiqizo ukudla

imikhiqizo Ukudla kungaba kwenziwe umkhiqizo noma umkhiqizo uhla. Hlukanisa emkhatsini assortments commercial futhi yezimboni.

Esikhathini okunezinhlobonhlobo icala lokuqala isehlane ibhizinisi (i-ngesilwane esifuywayo kwezimpahla, ezidayiswa esitolo) kanye nemisebenzi ehlukahlukeneko amaqembu lezimpahla (ubisi, inyama, ukudla okunoshukela nabanye. Izimpahla).

Industrial umkhiqizo uhla kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo okuyinto akhiqizwa ngesikhathi isitshalo (ezihlukahlukene izinkampani) noma zezimboni wemboni (uhla izimboni).

Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo yobisi

Ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho ukwakheka amakhemikhali ubisi ayikaziwa, lo mkhiqizo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'igazi elimhlophe "noma" juice wokuphila ". Futhi akumangalisi. Phela, ubisi ubhekwa eziphelele kakhulu umkhiqizo ukuthengisela, ngenxa okuqukethwe 20 amino acid, ezingaphezu kuka-147 ama-fatty acid kanye lactose (ubisi noshukela), okuyinto endlini yengcebo amavithamini, ukulandelela izakhi, ama-enzyme nezinye izakhi.

Ukwahlukanisa ikufanele njengoba ubisi ngokwawo, futhi imikhiqizo kuyo. Iqembu olukhethekile imikhiqizo yobisi, okuyinto zibangelwa acidosis acid noma okuxubile (acidosis acid + utshwala) ubisi lwezithelo olubangela ukubila.

Ukwahlukanisa ubisi nobisi imikhiqizo

umkhiqizo yobisi	definition
ubisi:
pasteurized	Umphumela Ukushisa ubisi lokushisa 74-76 0 C ngesikhathi imizuzu 15-30 in a imishini ekhethekile
inzalo	Umphumela Ukushisa ubisi lokushisa ngenhla 100 0 C ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu 2-10 imizuzwana
elicibilikile	Umphumela bayashintshana ekufukameleni ubisi pasteurized ezingeni lokushisa 85-99 0 C okungenani amahora angu-3 esitsheni uphawu
olujiyile	Ukuhwamuka ubisi lonke ne ukwengeza crystal ushukela (12%) noma ngaphandle
ezomile	Ezenye obujwayelekile iphele ubisi pasteurized a okucolekile
ukhilimu	Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukwehlukana amanoni ingxenyenamba lonke ubisi
ibhotela	umkhiqizo ngokwahlukana noma ukhilimu ekubhaxabulweni kusukela ubisi cow sika
ushizi	Umkhiqizo ubisi ekunqandeni enzyme acidosis acid amagciwane noma encibilika ezahlukene yobisi nosawoti melter-
imikhiqizo yobisi:	Umkhiqizo yokuvuthwa pasteurized ubisi Amagcikwane temusho
clabber	imikhiqizo elibilile ubisi, oludakisayo ubisi pasteurized ngesethulo izinhlanga okumsulwa streptococcus acidosis acidophilus futhi Lactobacillus bulgaricus ngezabelo ezahlukene
kefir	Umkhiqizo ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvutshelwa usebenzisa kefir isikhunta. It has a evelele wezokudla nokwelapha umphumela ngenxa ekuqongeleleni-antibiotic izinto
ukhilimu omuncu	Umkhiqizo yokuvuthwa pasteurized ukhilimu ayabila abanamasiko oluhlanzekile streptococci acidosis
cottage shizi	Umkhiqizo souring ubisi ukususwa okwalandela whey
acidophilus iziphuzo	Umkhiqizo yokuvuthwa ubisi pasteurized nge ayabila ka Lactobacillus acidophilus

Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo inyama

imikhiqizo Inyama, efana ubisi, ihlukaniswa njengoba imikhiqizo ye ezikhiqizelwa. Inyama e ezinkulu eziningi iqukethe wonke kubalulekile amino acid endaweni isilinganiso kangcono nezidingo umzimba womuntu. Kungenxa indoda angumtfombo vitamin B12, phosphorus nensimbi, phospholipids nezinye izakhi.

Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo inyama

inyama umkhiqizo	definition
Inyama ukubulawa kwezilwane ipulazi	Inyama yenkomo, inyama yengulube, inyama yehashi, nabanye.
isilwane by-imikhiqizo	Iziphathimandla Secondary wayebulala izilwane (inhliziyo, izinso, isibindi, ulimi, ikhanda, njll)
yenkukhu	Inyama amakalikuni, amadada, goose, njll
inyama amalungiselelo	Steak, Steak, sikadali, inkukhu, inyama yenkomo Steak, meatball, inyama nengulube, njll, ezidinga ukwelashwa ukushisa okwalandela
Inyama nemikhiqizo Culinary	Ready-to-udle inyama, okuyinto babe izindlela ezihlukene zokwelashwa ukushisa
Simisiwe ngomumo eyenziwe inyama izitsha	imikhiqizo Inyama wenza kusukela inyama yemvelo noma oqoshiwe ne dish side noma ngaphandle, frost zokugcina
inyama ngabhema	Enosawoti futhi ukushisa iphathwa imikhiqizo lumpy ukulungele inyama (ham, ubhekeni, ubhekeni, njll)
Meats	Imikhiqizo kusukela inyama isoseji igobolondo noma ngaphandle (ayi, frankfurters, ayi, pate, i-headcheese, isinkwa, inyama, njll), okuyinto babhekana ukufudumeza ukwelashwa noma ukuvutshelwa kanye ilungele ukusetshenziswa
inyama ezimbizeni	I uphawu futhi inzalo imikhiqizo inyama lihambisana namanye ezidliwayo (imifino, okusanhlamvu) noma ngaphandle

Ukwahlukanisa imikhiqizo baby ukudla

baby ukudla - imikhiqizo ukudla idaliwe kusuka izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu izinto zokusetshenziswa for izindlela ezikhethekile izingane kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila iminyaka engu-14. Ukudla izingane kumele bahlangabezane zonke izidingo bokuphila umzimba ezikhulayo, ikakhulukazi, ukuba okuqukethwe egcwele amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate kanye amafutha, amavithamini, amaminerali nezinye izakhi.

A ngezigaba oluphelele baby ukudla kumba eqolo. I oluvamile kakhulu ngezigaba - iyona engu-izingane engibathandayo imikhiqizo ukudla. Kule ndaba ukuhlukanisa ukudla:

• izinsana (0 kuya ku-3 iminyaka);
• ezasenkulisa (3 kuya ku-6 iminyaka);
• ngoba izingane zesikole (ezineminyaka engu-6 kuya ku-14).

On okuqukethwe imikhiqizo izingane amanzi supply sika zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili:

• imikhiqizo ngokuqukethwe amafishane (4-15%). Lezi zihlanganisa okusanhlamvu, i-pasta, ufulawa, ubisi oluyimpuphu;
• imikhiqizo nge okuqukethwe amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu (60-90%). Lokhu zemifino nezithelo puree, ushizi, iyogathi, inyama amabhola.

Ngokusho degree of ukugaya imikhiqizo imikhiqizo ukudla ingane senzelwe:

• izingane ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila (ukusetshenziswa homogenization kwezakhi ngesikhathi ukubaluleka 150-200 microns);
• izingane 6 kuya 9 izinyanga (esesula nge ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana afika ku-800 microns);
• izingane 10 izinyanga kuya eminyakeni 1.5 (shredding izingcezu 2000 microns);
• eyenzelwe izingane ezineminyaka engu-1.5 kuya ku-3 iminyaka (a la Carte).

Ukudla okusemathinini okudla komntwana kukhona:

• Ukusuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zemifino (amaji, ama-pures, imifino nezithelo nemifino egcina);
• Ukusuka ekudleni izinto zokudla (inyama yenkomo, izinkukhu, ingulube, isibindi, inhliziyo, isisu nolimi).

Imikhiqizo yobisi yezingane

Indawo ekhethekile ekudleni kwezingane kuthathwa imikhiqizo yobisi, ngoba ithatha indawo yobisi lomama, uma ingekho, futhi isetshenziselwa ukudla okuhambisanayo. Kuye ngenjongo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi yezingane kubonakala kanje:

• Izingxube ezimile ezimanzi zokudla kwezingane;
• Ubumba obisi obomile;
• Imikhiqizo yobisi ephucuziwe.

Ngohlobo lwemikhiqizo, imikhiqizo yobisi yezingane ingaba:

• Emile;
• Liquid;
• I-Pasty.

Isitoreji semikhiqizo

Yonke imikhiqizo yokudla inezinto ezizohlahloka ngesikhathi. Ukwandisa impilo yabo ngokusebenzisa i-canning. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukudala izimo ezivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezincane ezincane kanye nomsebenzi we-enzyme okubangela ukudla ukubola.

Ngokusho kwezindlela zokulondolozwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo kunendlela elandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwe-thermal (ukunqunywa kwamanzi, ukugcoba, ukuqhwaza, ukupholisa, ukusetshenziswa kweziphetho ze-UHF);
• Ukuqeda amandla emzimbeni (ukugoma-ukomisa, ukugcoba, ukushisa kwelanga noma ekamelweni);
• Shintsha ekubunjweni kwemvelo (salting, pickling, ukuhlanza, ukufaka ushukela);
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali (ukulawulwa kwama-antibiotics, ama-antiseptics kanye nama-antioxidants);
• Ionization ngemisebe.

Ukulondolozwa akugcini nje ukwandisa impilo yesheluli yemikhiqizo yokudla, kodwa futhi kwandisa ububanzi babo, kuthuthukisa ukunambitheka futhi kwandise inani le-caloric.