Izilwane zesibili: ukuhlukaniswa

Isici sezilwane zasesikhathini sesibili ukuthi phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kombungu ukubunjwa kwe-anus kwenzeka endaweni yokwakhiwa komlomo oyinhloko, futhi umlomo kamuva ubonakala endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngamanye amazwi, kungashiwo ukuthi umbungu unomlomo wokuvulwa kusuka ekupheleni kokuphela, nesiboniso somuntu omdala endaweni ehlukile. Izilwane zasesekondeni ziyingxenye yesigatshana sombuso, okubandakanya ama-echinoderms, ama-chordates nama-chordates. Bathunyelwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizinto eziphilayo eziphakathi kwe-bilaterally symmetrical.

Izici zezilwane ezilinganayo ezilinganayo

Isici esiyinhloko sezilwane ezinjalo ukuthi izinhlangothi zangakwesokunxele nezingakwesokudla emizimbeni yazo ziyizithombe ezicacile zezibuko zomunye nomunye. Lokhu kungaqondakala kanjani? Kudingeka nje ucabange indiza ehlukanisa umzimba wesilwane ngesigamu. Kulesi simo, zombili lezi zingxenye zizohambisana ngokuphelele. Kweminye imithombo umuntu angathola imibono yezilwane "eziphakathi kwamabili".

Lesi sici sihlukanisa ngokuphelele lezi zinhlobo kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nezinhlobo zabantu, lapho umzimba unesimiso esifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akuzona zonke izitho ezibekwe endizeni efanayo. Futhi ngezinye izindiza eziphakathi kwamanye amazwe. Lesi sici sinezici ezinhle. Izilwane ezinjalo zihamba kalula kalula emigqeni eqondile bese uvula. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izilwane eziyinhloko neziyisithupha.

Umehluko phakathi kweprayimari neyesibili

Abamele lezi zinhlobo, nakuba zifana, kepha umehluko asesekhona. Njengoba kwashiwo, izilwane zesikhathi sokuqala nezesibili zihamba ngokulinganayo. Lawa magama avela ukuthi ukuvuleka komlomo wabo kuvela kanjani ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwamabriyoni. E-moles eyinhloko, ushintsho lwe-blastospore lwenzeka (ukuvuleka emathunjini oyinhloko) ekubunjweni kwesigxobo somlomo. Futhi esikhathini sesibili kule ndawo kudala i-anus. Kulokhu, ukuvulwa komlomo kwakha ngendlela entsha emaphethelweni wangaphambili embryo. Kukhona nezibonelo lapho i-blastopore igcina ngokuphelele, futhi umlomo kanye nesikhwama sibonakala futhi.

Futhi omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho obuyinhloko. Ubuchopho obuyinhloko buhlakulela ubuchopho besilwane esikhulile. Esikhathini sesibili, ukunciphisa kwalo kuyenzeka, futhi okushayo kwakha nakwezinye izindawo. Izilwane zasesekondini nazo zibizwa ngokuthi izilwane ezincane ze-cerebral.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane zaseceleni

Ngenhla sasiqaphela ukuthi yiziphi izilwane zesikhashana, izibonelo kanye nezici zokuthuthukiswa kwazo. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuthola ukuthi ubani ohlobene nalesi sub-umbuso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

- izikhalo;
- i-bristle-umhlathi;
- echinoderms.

Manje ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezisezilwaneni zesikhashana. Phakathi kwalezi zingqinamba kukhona ama-lancelets, isibani, izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. I-bristle-mandibular yizilwane zasolwandle, edume kakhulu kunawo wonke umcibisholo wolwandle. Uhlobo olungavamile kakhulu lwe-echinoderms luhlanganisa izinkanyezi zasolwandle, ama-urchins olwandle, ama-holothurians, izimbali zamanzi. Bonke laba abamele imfuyo bahlanganiswa yiqiniso lokuthi bayilwane lesibini. Ngaphezu kwezici zokwakheka komlomo womlomo, lezi zidalwa nazo zinehluke ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izitho nezinhlelo.

Izici ezicacile zokuthuthukiswa kombungu wesisu

I-Chordates yizilwane zesikhashana, ezihlukile ngokubukeka, ukubukeka nezimo zokuphila. Abamele lolu hlobo bangatholakala yonke indawo. Bahlala emhlabathini, emanzini, emhlabathini, nasemoyeni. Ukusakazwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Inombolo ingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane.

Zonke zikhona lapho kutholakala khona i-axial skeleton, esesiteji sokuthuthukiswa kombungu ekhonjiswe njengetambo ye-dorsal (chorda). Kubantu abadala, ngendlela engashintshi, uhlala kuphela kulabo abamele phansi uhlobo. Kuzo zonke ezinye, lidlulela ekubunjweni komgogodla, ophuma oqinile kuya ohlangothini.

Indlela yokuchoboza iqanda elikhulelwe libuye libe nesici esihlukanisayo phakathi kwalezi mibuso emibili: ukuvuthwa okuyisisekelo kanye nomsindo okhishwa okwesibili.

Isistimu yezinzwa iyishubhu engenalutho, engxenyeni engaphambili kamuva eba ubuchopho. Kusuka emgodini wakhe wangaphakathi ifomu lakhe le-ventricles.

Engxenyeni yangaphakathi ye-tube digestive kunemigqa emibili yemigodi, lapho kuxhumana khona nemvelo yangaphandle. Lezi yizikhala ezibizwa nge-visceral. Abameleli abaphansi kunazo zonke bezingxabano kule ndawo banezigulane. Konke okunye kuyi-rudiments kuphela engokwemvelo, engeke isebenze.

Eminye imithombo ibhekisela ku-second-term okuthiwa ama-semi-chords. Lezi zilwane ze-vermiform benthic. Efaniswa nokuba khona kwesitatimende (isitho esifana nomculo) kanye nama-sill we-gill amabili. Ekuthuthukiseni kwe-embryonic zifana nezithikithi, kodwa isakhiwo somzimba sihluke ngokuphelele. Umzimba uboniswa izigaba ezintathu: i-proboscis, i-collar nesiqu.

Amazinyo-amazinyo

Lezi zilwane izilwane zasolwandle ezinamandla okuhamba ngokushesha. Ngaphandle bafana nomcibisholo obukhali kusukela ekugcineni, futhi ngemuva kunenqwaba. Lona yi-setae kakhulu lapho isilwane sithatha ukudla. Umzimba uqukethe ikhanda, isiqu nomsila. Kunezinhlawulo zombili ezinezintambo ezinezinhlangothi zombili kanye nezinye.

Ukubaluleka kwalezi zilwane kuya ezifundeni eziyinhloko kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwamabrionic komlomo womlomo kanye nokuthi iqanda lichotshozwa nge-radially. Kuzo zonke ezinye izici kunamanani ahlukene. Lezi zilwane azinawo igazi, izinhlelo zokuphefumula kanye nezindlela zokuphefumula. Awukho namathanga okuzala. Isistimu yezinzwa iyindandatho ye-oclo-pharyngeal.

Izici ze-echinoderms

Isici sesici sabantu abamele lolu hlobo kuba khona kwe-ambulacral system. Lezi yizicucu ezigcwele amanzi, lapho isilwane sishintsha khona, siphefumula, sithinta futhi senza izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Amathumbu iyishubhu noma isikhwama eside. I-circulatory system imelelwe yizikebhe zonyaka futhi zomsakazo. Imikhiqizo ye-Decay ikhishwa ngama-pores amancane ezindongeni zomzimba. Izakhi ezinomqondo ophuthumayo nesistimu yezinzwa. Kodwa amakhono okuvuselela asethuthukile kahle. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, lezi zilwane zingalahla izingxenye zomzimba ezazibuyiselwa emasontweni amabili. Ngenxa yalesi sici , i-starfish ingaziphindaphinda ngokuhlukanisa ngesigamu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingxenye yesibili ibuyiselwe ngokugcwele.

Imiphumela

Kusukela kuzo zonke ezingenhla, ungathola ukuthi iziphi izilwane eziyingxenye yesibili, izici zokuthuthukiswa kwazo kanye nabameleli balo mbuso. Ngokusobala, abameleli balezi zilwane bayathandeka kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwabo luyaqhubeka.