Izincwadi Zokufunda ZaseRussia

Izikhungo ezingenabhala ezweni lethu zingenombolo eyodwa kuphela. Njengoba kunjalo, nakulo lonke izwe. Kunezikhungo eziningi zokufundisa lapho zifundisa ulimi lwesiRussia kanye nezincwadi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela othisha bezikole. Amaningi namayunivesithi, lapho kukhona khona ubuchwepheshe bezindaba. Kodwa umlobi nomlobi bezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene kakhulu "zezinyoni". Abalobi bafunda inyuvesi eyodwa kuphela ezweni, futhi lokhu kuyiGorky Literary Institute.

UPredecessor

Lesi sikhungo asikho isikhathi eside futhi isikhathi eside. I-okuthiwa i-Bryusovsky Institute iyunivesithi ekhethekile evuliwe eMoscow ngo-1921 ngesinyathelo sika-V. Ya. Bryusov. Amapondlo, abalobi, amanoveli, abahlaziyi, ama-playwrights nabahumushi balungiselele lapho. Konke, njengokuthi ku-Gorky, isifundo kuphela asiqedanga amahlanu, kodwa iminyaka emithathu.

I-Higher Literary and Art Institute okuthiwa yi-V.Ya. UBrausova wathatha studio kaLito Narcompros, futhi ihlelwe nguValery Yakovlevich, izifundo zokubhala izincwadi zesiGreki sezobuciko kanye neningi le-State Institute of Words. Ngonyaka owodwa, iSikole Sokuqeqeshwa Nezobuchwepheshe sePoetics safika, lapho cishe bonke othisha be-VLHI, kuhlanganise noBryusov ngokwakhe, basebenza. Ngo-1924, lesi sikhungo sagcina sithola igama lakhe - ngokuphathelene nomkhosi owawugubha usuku lonke.

NgoJanuwari 1925, i-Moscow Housing Commission yanquma ukudlulisela izikhungo eziningi zemfundo ephakeme eLeningrad ngenxa yobunzima obungapheli. I-VLHI ayikwazanga ukuhamba, ngoba bonke othisha abangamashumi amane, ngaphandle kwalaba ababili, basebenzise ushintsho lokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, lesi sikhungo saqedwa. Abafundi baphumelela kwamanye amanyuvesi. I-Literary Institute ebizwa ngokuthi uGorky isivele idalwe icabangela ubuhlungu obunzima bokuqala kwakhe. Futhi, kumelwe ngivume, amaphutha awazange aphinde ayenze.

IZHLT

I-Institute of Journalism kanye neLibalo lobuKrethi ayikwazi neze ukubizwa ngokuthi isikhungo sokubhala. Lesi sikhungo semfundo asiyona isikhungo sombuso, nakuba kunesiqiniseko sombuso kanye nelayisense, futhi iziqu zithola iziqu zokuhlonishwa kwezwe. I-Institute of Journalism kanye noLwazi lokuLungisa kuneziqondiso ezilodwa kuphela zemfundo: i-journalism. Kukhona izifundo zokulungiselela lapha. Asikho isisekelo sebhajethi sokuqeqesha. Abafundi bakhetha izincwadi, imfundo yesikhathi esigcwele nesikhathi esigcwele.

I-Gorky Literary Institute

Leyunivesithi ibilokhu iyingxenye yoMnyango WezemiSebenzi, kusukela ngo-1992 kuphethwe uMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi we-Russian Federation. Kunamakhono amabili: izincwadi kanye nesikhathi esigcwele. Abafundi abangenawo umuntu bafunde uhlelo olukhethekile lweminyaka emihlanu: "Ukubhala Okubhaliwe" kanye "Ukuhunyushwa Kwezingqikithi".

Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe, ochwepheshe baqeqeshwa iminyaka eyisithupha kanye nesipesheli esisodwa - Ukubhaliwe Kwamabhuku. Emnyangweni wezobuciko bokuhumusha, abahumushi bekusasa befunda isiNgisi, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, iSpanishi, isiNtaliyane nesiKorea. Kukhona nesifundo sokufunda esikoleni esiphakeme kanye nezifundo zesayensi ezikhethekile: "Ulimi lwesiRussia", "Incwadi yezincwadi" kanye "nezincwadi zaseRussia".

Konke kwaqala kanjani

Umsunguli wokudalwa kwe-Literary Institute nguMaxim Gorky. Ekuqaleni eyunivesithi yayiyi-Evening Workers 'Literary University, kusukela ngo-1933 kuphela igama layo, elisekhona.

Phakathi nempi, ngo-1942, lesi sikhungo saqala ukuqeqesha abafundi besikhathi esigcwele kanye nesikhathi esithile. Ngo-1953, ama-Higher Literary Courses asebenze isikhathi esigcwele asebenze isikhathi esigcwele, avulekele abalobi asebevele benesidingo sokugcwalisa ulwazi losizo lwabantu bese bekhulisa ama-horizons abo. Ngo-1983, i-Literary Institute yanikezwa umyalelo ophezulu kakhulu wobuhlobo babantu.

Indawo

Izakhiwo zamabhuku ezinhlelo zokufundisa zitholakala ezifundeni ezahlukene zaseMoscow, ezinye ezindaweni ezingokomlando kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu indawo yeGorky Literary Institute ayitholakali. Liyisikhumbuzo sezakhiwo sekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, idolobha edolobheni laseTverskoy Boulevard, lapho ngo-1812 i-AI Herzen yazalwa khona. Futhi kule minyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye lapha, kule salon yombhalo, kwakunjalo uGogol, Belinsky, Aksakovs, Chaadayev, Baratynsky, Khomyakov, Shchepkin nezinye izibalo eziningi eziyingqayizivele.

Ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwekhulu lama-20, indlu yokushicilela yayikhona lapha, futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili - izinhlangano eziningi zabalobi. Ukuhlwa kwamabhuku kwakubanjwe nokuhlanganyela kukaMayakovsky, uBlok, u-Yesenin. Lesi sakhiwo sichazwe ngokuningiliziwe nguHerzen, uBulgakov, iMandelstam. Lapha, kuleso sakhiwo, uhlala uVyacheslav Ivanov, uDaniel Andreev, u-Osip Mandelstam, no-Andrei Platonov, njengoba bebika amapuleti esakhiweni. Kukhona isikhumbuzo ku-Herzen egcekeni.

Othisha

Othisha bebelokhu behlala futhi behlala e-Litinstitute of Stellar, akukho ezinye izikhungo zokubhala ezingenakukwazi ukuqoqa amakhosi akhazinyulisiwe ngezibalo ezinjalo. Wafundiswa u-Alexander Zinoviev, uVictor Rozov, uKonstantin Paustovsky, uMikhail Svetlov, uKonstantin Fedin, u-Lev Oshanin, u-Lev Ozerov, u-Yuri Kuznetsov, u-Yuri Mineralov nabanye abalobi abaningi abawaziwayo, izimbongi, ama-playwrights. Lezi zifundo zafundwa ososayensi ngamagama angama-sonorous: I. Tolstoy, V. Asmus, A. Reformatsky, G. Vinokur, A. Taho-Godi, S. Radzig, S. Bondi, B. Tomashevsky, V. Kozhinov kanye nabanye abafanelekile.

Futhi manje izingqungquthela zokudala zenziwa ngabalobi abadume kakhulu nabathandekayo: uSergei Nikolaevich Yesin - oyinhloko yomnyango wekhono lokubhala, uSamid Sahibovich Agayev, u-Yuri Sergeyevich Apenchenko, uSergey Sergeevich Arutyunov, u-Igor Leonidovich Volgin, u-Andrei Venediktovich Vorontsov, u-Andrei V. Vasilevsky, u-Alexei Varlamov - enza Umsebenzi we-Literary Institute, u-Anatoly Vasilievich Korolev, uRuslan Timofeevich Kireev, uVladimir Andreevich Kostrov, uStanislav Yuryevich Kunyaev, uGennady Krasnikov, uVladimir Yuriy U-Vincy Malyagin, u-Alexander Alexandrovich Mikhailov, u-Olesya Alexandrovna Nikolaeva, u-Oleg Olegovich Pavlov, u-Alexander Evseevich Rekemchuk, u-Evgeny Borisovich Rein, u-Inna Ivanovna Rostovtseva, u-Galina Ivanovna Sedykh, u-Evgeny Yuryevich Sidorov, u-Alexander Yuryevich Segene, uSergey Petrovich Tolkachev, u-Alexander Petropovich Toroptsev, uMarietta Omarovna Chudakova . Ama-institutes of creative creativity akakaze abe ne-constellation enjalo yamakhosi.

Kubanikazi - ukuncintisana kokudala

Ukufaka iLitishi kungadlulisa umncintiswano wokudala futhi kudlulise izivivinyo zokungena. Ezikhungweni zemibhalo yezifundo eMoscow, bathola ulwazi nge-USE, kanye ne-journalism emayunivesithi. Lapha umncintiswano ubanjwe ngezigaba ezintathu. Ababhali bokuqala bathumela umsebenzi wabo wokudala esiqondisweni esikhethiwe: amakhasi angamashumi amabili (okungenani) ombhalo we-prose, noma imigqa engamakhulu amavesi, noma amakhasi angama-20 ekugxekeni okubhalwa phansi, umdlalo, inkulumo kanye nezindaba, kanye nokuhumusha kwezobuciko. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komfakisicelo, ngaphezu kwalokho, unikeza umsebenzi wabantu abangenamagama, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nombono wokubandlulula. Isikhungo sokufundisa esikoleni asibeka phambi kwalabo ababengenayo imisebenzi enzima kodwa ethakazelisayo yokudala.

Futhi emva kwalokho kungenzeka ukuthi uthole ithuba lokunikela ngezinto ezisele ku-USE (ngokubhala noma ngokusho). Lezi zincwadi zesiRussia zesiko, ulimi lwesiRashiya, umlando waseRussia. Uma umsebenzi wokudala nokudlulisa izivivinyo uzokwanelisa ikhomishana, umfundi ozayo uyamenywa esigabeni sesibili somncintiswano wokudala - lokhu yisikripthi esibhaliwe. Bese kulandela ingxoxo, umzuzu obaluleke kakhulu wezigaba ezimbili zokuqala ezidlule. Ama-universities noma izikhungo zokubhala izincwadi zaseRussia azikwenzi ukukhetha ngokucophelela kokungena. Imincintiswano yezobuciko ikhona, ngaphezu kweLungu LaseNtshonalanga, kuphela kubafakizicelo abaye bakhetha umsebenzi emkhakheni wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, i-cinema noma emayunivesithi ezindlela zokwakha nezokudweba.

Ama-Seminar

Abafundi balungiswe ngezindlela ezimbili ngokufana. Lokhu kungukuthi konke-ukusiza abantu - ngenhloso yokugxeka okubhalwe phansi kanye nolimi lwesiRussia, kanye nokudala. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko kwenzeka ngesikhathi seminars. Ezinye izikhungo zokubhala, uma zikhona, kungenzeka ukuthi zisebenze kahle-ifomu eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ngokwesiko, amaminithi aqhutshwa ngoLwesibili. Kulolu suku awekho amanye amakilasi omfundi - kuphela i-seminar, umholi wayo ngempela oyiNkosi.

Kuhlale kungumhla wenjabulo enkulu nemisipha, ngokuvamile ikhala, ngezinye izikhathi ingxabano. Nokho, kwenzeka nakwezinye izindlela. Isihawu kuphela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba khona emhlanganweni wesinye abantu, ngoba bonke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Awukwazi ukudlula indlela yakho; noma ngabe kunjalo, nguye ongcono kakhulu. E-Litinstitut, le mihlangano yayiqhutshwa njalo ngabalobi abakhulu beSoviet. Manje abalobi kunazo zonke eRussia. Amaminithi afanayo abanjelwa abafundi be-Higher Literary Courses, okubhaliwe yileli bhukwana ukuba baqede. NgoLwesibili nabafundi be-Higher School of Art Translation. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezifundo zabahleli kwi-Literary Institute nezifundo zokulungisa.

Imisebenzi Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukubambisana kwale nyuvesi kanye nabalingani bangaphandle bahlakulela ngendlela ehlelekile, ngokuhambisana nenqubomgomo yezwe ngokuqinisa igunya kumkhakha wezwe jikelele wesikole sethu esiphakeme. Izibopho zesayensi nezokufunda zikhula kakhulu, eyunivesithi izama ukuhlanganisa abaphothule kanye nabafundi ohlelweni lwezincwadi zomhlaba zibe yindawo yokufundisa yaseYurophu.

Impumelelo engcono yezincwadi zesiRussia emazweni angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe aseCIS asakazekile. Kukhona izixhumanisi namayunivesithi afana ne-Trinity College e-Ireland, i-University of Cologne eJalimane, iNyuvesi yaseBergamo e-Italy, iYunivesithi kaJoseon noKonkuk eRiphabhliki yaseKorea, iYunivesithi yaseParis-8 eFrance, iYunivesithi yaseSuzhou eChina. Futhi eLitinstitut i-cultural center eRussia-Korea sekusebenze isikhathi eside. Njalo ngonyaka kusukela kuleyunivithi yokudala enombolweni yabafundi baseRussian Federation angaphandle abafundi baphumelele - kokubili amazwe e-CIS nakwamanye amazwe.

Izihlalo

I-Litinstitute iyinhloko ephezulu yezinga lemayunivesithi aseRussia ngokwezinga labaprofesa nabafundi: abafundi ababili banomfundisi oyedwa ngezinga. Iziphi izikhungo ezinomlando eziziqhayisa ngazo isilinganiso esinjalo?

Abaningi othisha balapha nodumo lomhlaba jikelele. Othisha boMnyango wezeMibhalo eThekwini bahlelwe ngenhla, amagama abalulekile kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukwengeza noma yikuphi ukukhanya okungazalwanga, konke sekuvele kwenzeke.

Iminyango emibili yezincwadi

Isihlalo esiphezulu semilingo kanye noprofesa omangalisayo uBoris Nikolaevich Tarasov ekhanda, kanye noprofesa osizayo - uTatyana Borisovna Gvozdeva owazi kahle kakhulu, onguprofesa othakazelisayo kunazo zonke uStanislav Bezmovich Jimbinov, onomsebenzi ohloniphekile u-Anita Borisovna Mozhaeva, umfundisi ophezulu ... Ezimfundweni zabo abafundi abathandekayo amaphuzu asemithonjeni aphelile. Yiziphi ezinye izikhungo zombhalo ezingadingeka, uma kukhona?

Isihlalo sezincwadi zaseRussia ezincwadini zakudala kanye nezifundo zesiSlovic, eziphethwe nguProfesa Mikhail Yuryevich Stoyanovsky, akuzona ezansi. Bonke othisha kukhona okuhle, kodwa ngubani ozoqhathanisa noProfesa Anatoly Sergeevich Demin? Zonke ezinye izikhungo zombhalo eMoscow azikho izikhombisi-ndlela zokufundisa, ngakho-ke othisha e-Literary Institute nabo bayabalulekile.

Umnyango Wezesayensi Yezenhlalakahle

Lapha, ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaProfesa Lyudmila Mihaylovna Tsareva, zonke izinhlobo zezimangaliso zenzeka: ngisho nabafundi abagxilwe izinkondlo baqala ukuthanda izombusazwe nesayensi yezombangazwe uma izinkulumo zinikezwa uprofesa ongumhlobo Natalia Kutafina nokuqonda izenzakalo zomlando uma bekhuluma no-Alexander Orlov, umbhali wezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu nomqondisi weMicrosoft of History Lomonosov Moscow State University. Futhi kuhle ukuxhumana no-Olga Vyacheslavovna Zaitseva ngezihloko zefilosofi kanye ne-aesthetics emva kwamakilasi! Cishe nje ngokulalela izinkulumo zakhe - bewitching!

Kulo mnyango (futhi, ngokuqinisekile, futhi,) akukho mfundisi ongazikhumbulekayo. Izikhungo zamabhuku eziseRussia, okuhlose ukutadisha izifundo zokufunda noma ezokubhala, zingase zibe nabafundisi abahle bezesayensi yezenhlalakahle. Kodwa lapha othisha nabo badala kakhulu.

Umnyango Wezincwadi ZaseRussia Zanamuhla

Lapha uholwa uthisha wobuciko be-Institute - uProfesa Vladimir Pavlovich Smirnov, abafundi bakhe bazokhumbula ngokuqinisekile impilo yakhe yonke impilo yakhe. Izinkulumo ezinhle kakhulu zinikezwa nguProfesa Boris Andreevich Leonov (futhi, ngokusho kwabafundi ababuyekezwayo, omunye wabafundisi abathandayo), abaprofesa abathintekayo u-Igor Ivanovich Bolychev noSergei Romanovich Fedyakin. Emkhakheni wezazi "zamanje" wezincwadi zinamandla kakhulu kunabasebenzi balo mnyango nje-hhayi eRussia, noma emhlabeni. Izikhungo zemibhalo yezifundo zaseMoscow zokufundisa, kunokuba zidale izinto ezihlelekile, azikwazi ukuthi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa othisha abaningi kangaka abaqeqeshiwe.

UMnyango Wezingqinamba Zencwadi Nezincwadi Zokuhlaziya

Kukhona abantu abathathu kuphela lapha, kodwa kuthiwani! Abafakizicelo kumele bahlukane nazo zonke amandla abo nge-high (eliphezulu kakhulu!) Ukuncintisana lapho bengena eNkundleni yezemfundo okungenani ngenxa yokuhamba emakhanjini afanayo. Inhloko yomnyango nguProfesa Vladimir Ivanovich Gusev. Lona umgxeki ovelele wokubhala nokubhala ngokubhala. USihlalo weBhodi loMkhandlu waseMoscow City Organization of the Writers 'Union of Russia. Ungunobhala wekomidi eliphezulu le-ISPS (iMinyango Yomhlaba Wonke Yabamabhalane), ungumhleli-inhloko wephephandaba uMoskovsky Vestnik. Umfundisi omkhulu, indoda ehlakaniphile.

Ukuzihlanganisa nabaProfesa uSergei Mikhailovich Kaznacheev no-Alexei Antonov bayathandeka ngendlela yabo. Ukwaziswa okujulile ngale ndaba kuvumela ukuthi bakhulume ngenjabulo kangangokuthi abafundi abakwazi ukuchaza, ngoba bafuna ukubuka nokulalela. US. M. Kaznacheev wabamba izingqungquthela eziningana zesayensi nezisebenzayo ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Ukubukeka Okusha". U-AK Antonov unolwazi oluyisisekelo lombono wokugxekwa nokugxekwa kokubhala futhi unetalente enkulu yokufundisa. Afundwa abafundi kuphela, kodwa futhi abafundi abaphothule kanye nabafundi be-Higher Literary Courses. Wabhala izincwadi eziningi ezincwadini zezincwadi.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-Litinstitute ineminye iminyango emithathu: ulimi lwesiRussia kanye nama-stylistics, izilimi zangaphandle, ukuhumusha kwezobuciko. Futhi ngamunye wabo othisha bahlukile.