Umphumela we-Tunnel: eduze kwezwe

Umphumela womhubhe kuyisimanga esimangalisayo, akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ngombono we-physics ye-classical. Kodwa ezweni eliyimfihlakalo nelingaqondakali, kunezinye imithetho eziningana zokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto namandla. Umphumela womhubhe yinqubo yokunqoba i- particle elementary ye -barrier, uma nje amandla ayo angaphansi kokuphakama kwesivinini. Lesi simo sinobukhulu bemvelo futhi siyaphikisana ngokuphelele nemithetho nemigomo yemishini yokudala. Okumangalisa kakhulu izwe esiphila kulo.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umphumela we-quantum we-tunneling uwuphi, indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa isibonelo sebhola legalofu, uqaliswe ngamandla emgodini. Kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesikhathi, amandla onke ebhola aphikisana namandla angabonakalisa amandla adonsela phansi. Uma sicabanga ukuthi amandla ayo e- kinetic aphansi kunamandla okugwedla amandla, khona-ke le nto ayikwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela emgodini. Kodwa lokhu kuvumelana nemithetho ye-physics physics. Ukuze unqobe onqenqemeni lwe-fovea futhi uqhubeke nomzila walo, kuzodingeka ukuthi ube nesidingo esengeziwe sokwenza i-kinetic. Ngakho uNewton omkhulu wathi.

Emhlabeni we-quantum isimo sihlukile. Futhi manje ake sicabange ukuthi kwakukhona izinhlayiyana ze-quantum emgodini. Kulesi simo, ngeke kube ngumbuzo wokujula kwangempela emzimbeni, kepha yiziphi izici ezibizwa nge-"well potential". Kukhona umdwebo ohlangothini lomzimba - isithinteli samandla. Lapha isimo sishintsha ngendlela eyinhloko kakhulu. Ukuze inqubo okuthiwa i-quantum ishintshwe futhi inhlayiya ibe ngaphandle kwesivinini, esinye isimo siyadingeka.

Uma amandla ensimu yamandla angaphandle angaphansi kwamandla angenayo yezinhlayiya, khona-ke unethuba langempela lokunqoba umkhawulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubude bawo bunjani. Ngisho noma ingenamandla okwanele we-kinetic ekuqondeni i-physics yase-Newtonian. Lena yindlela efanayo yomhubhe. Usebenza kanje. I-Quantum mechanics ibonakala ngokuchaza kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlayiya hhayi ngezinye izinto ezingokwenyama, kodwa ngokusebenza komjikelezo okuhambisana namathuba okuba yi-particle etholakala endaweni ethile endaweni ngayinye.

Uma i-particle ihamba ngesibhawulo nge-equation Schrodinger, kungenzeka ukubala amathuba okunqoba lesi sithiyo. Njengoba umgoqo ungagcini nje ngamandla kakhulu umsebenzi we- wave, uyakuqeda futhi ngokucacile. Ngamanye amazwi, azikho izithiyo ezingenakuqothulwa emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa kunezimo ezengeziwe kuphela lapho i-particle ingaba ngaphandle kwalezi zithiyo. Izithiyo ezihlukahlukene ziphazamisa ukuhamba kwezinhlayiyana, kodwa azikho imingcele eqinile, engenakuphulukiswa. Ukukhuluma ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuyimvelo yomhlaba phakathi kwezwe ezimbili - ngokomzimba nangamandla.

Umphumela womhubhe une-analog yayo e-physics yenuclear - i-autoionization ye-athomu ensimini enamandla kagesi. Izibonelo zokubonakaliswa kwe-tunneling enezimo ezigcwele kanye ne-physics state state. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwe-autoelectron, ukufuduka kwama- valence kagesi, kanye nemiphumela eyenzeka oxhumana nabo ababili abane-superconductors abahlukaniswe ifilimu encane ye-dielectric. Inendima ebalulekile idlalwe yi-tunneling ekuqalisweni kwezinqubo zamakhemikhali eziningi ezimweni zokushisa okuphansi ne-cryogenic.