Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile - etafuleni. Umnotho we-ndawonye athuthukile: ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

Isimo engazinzile zomnotho kuleli zwe ekuqaleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule ikhiqize ukungabaza mayelana ukusebenza kanye zibheke ubushiqela zokuphatha, ngisho kakhulu kobuholi isimo. Ngisho ngezikhathi Khrushchev wabezindaba waqala ingxoxo mayelana nemihlomulo ephathelene nomkhankaso wokuvula entsha zokukhiqiza. athathe ihlandla elisha ubonakele emakhasini azo - "emnothweni zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile." Reform (ithebula okubonisa izinguquko ezinkulu uyoboniswa kamuva kulesi sihloko) sisonke akasalanga imodeli umyalelo. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo wasungula izindlela ukuzithiba ezithile, kanye nendlela yokukhuthaza impahla abakhiqizi e kahle. Ake sicabangele eminye kuyini emnothweni zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile, izinzuzo nezingozi yesenzo luyaphumelela.

Izinguquko kwezolimo

Yimiphi imisebenzi kuhlanganisiwe ukuthuthukiswa komnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni? Izinguquko ngokuyinhloko abathintekayo ezolimo. ekuqaleni yabo kwamenyezelwa ngoMashi 1965. Ngamafuphi izinyathelo ezihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo ezindaweni zasemakhaya, isingeniso yamaholo kwezomnotho ukusebenza. amanani zokuthenga zandile wasungula eliqinisekisiwe 50 amaphesenti amabili kuya kwamahlanu intengo eziyisisekelo ukudayisa imikhiqizo phezu uhlelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, anda utshalomali. Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile eU.SSR kuhilela ukusungulwa iminyaka eyishumi uhlelo esiqinile kwempahla yomphakathi. Ukuze kuqiniswe zokuvulwa sebehlala imikhawulo ngokuziphatha ukulima yangasese.

izinguquko nebubi

Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile wencike iziyisikhombisa zokuphatha. Iziphathimandla zikaHulumeni basazama ukuqinisa indima Betindzaba Ezolimo ekuphathweni nokuhlela imisebenzi komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo. Sigxile okwandisa utshalomali futhi kuphungulwa kwetikweleti amapulazi. On ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo imali eningi waya. Nokho, ziye zasetshenziswa inefficiently kakhulu. Ingxenye izimali elasetshenziselwa ekwakheni isakhiwo giant, ezibizayo imishini ukuthenga, kwesicelo kabi kubhekwe amakhemikhali nomhlabathi sokufuna futhi. Ngokuhlanganyela esitebeleni imali amaholo kwangena. Enkabeni yalo - lokhu ingenye impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni kwezenhlalo. Nokho, ngemva kokuphathwa basungula okuncikileyo. Yini eye yaholela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni? Isiphetho kuyinto esidumazayo ngempela. Ngenxa yalokho, eshintsha umsebenzi wombuso kanye amapulazi collective baba ezingenanzuzo. Sekuyiminyaka engu-25 kusukela ngo-1964 kuya 1988, Kube nokwehlisa umhlabathi olimekayo wabophula ngu kumahekthare ayizigidi ezingu-22. Kakhulu babe ukulahleka kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ukulahlekelwa kulomkhakha zazisuka 20 kuya 40%. Izwe ukuthi ine mhlabathi omnyama evundile, isibe ongenisa ukudla nokusanhlamvu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

emkhakheni wezimboni

Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ithuthukiswe kusaqalwa ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwenza ngcono indlela kwezomnotho noma okukhuthaza abasebenzi. Ngo-September 1965, abaholi yezinguquko wazama ukuhlanganisa kulezi zindlela. Khona-ke kwaqala izinguquko emkhakheni wezimboni. Ngokungafani kabusha ezolimo ngikwale izisekelo emnothweni umyalo. Izimiso eziyinhloko yomsebenzi izinguquko uhlela futhi ukwandisa izimo sikhuthazo. Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile zigcinwe amazinga elawula ngokuya okukhiphayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sathula izinyathelo ezintsha elibanzi eliqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo izinga izimpahla. Ukuze wandise yisifiso abakhiqizi bavunyelwa ukuhamba ingxenye engenayo alahlwayo wamabhizinisi. Amaholo ihlukaniswe izimali:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi zokuzithuthukisa kungenisa ngezimali.
• Domestic, ezenhlalo nezamasiko ukuthuthukiswa (ukwakhiwa boarding izindlu, amakilabhu, izindlu nokunye).
• nendlela yokukhuthaza Material.

Umnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile bazitshela ukuthi zezinkonzo line, eyayinqamula Kwahlelwa ukuba ukubuyisela, uyokwenza yini njengoba "umbusi" zakuqala, njengoba consultant kanye nabo ebhizinisini. Labo okwakulindeleke ukuba nesandla ekuhlelweni zokukhiqiza kwi izimo self ngezimali, esekelwe nokuqinisa ukuzibusa, ukuzibusa ngezimali kanye nokwaneliswa. Njengengxenye imisebenzi okwakuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, wanikeza inhlanganisela isimo ukuhlela olulodwa ababehola wendawo. Kulokhu, ilungelo ulungise izinhlelo abadlule ukwamukelwa, okwakungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela amabhizinisi ngokwabo.

Umnotho we-ndawonye athuthukile: sifinyeto imiphumela ukuguqulwa zezimboni

Naphezu kwakho konke ukungaboni ngaso kanye nemikhawulo, ukuguqulwa kuholele yi abalulekile. Ekupheleni lesishiyagalombili uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu kusukela ngo-1966 kuya ku-1970 kwaba nokwanda ivolumu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni by izikhathi 1.5. Leli zwe lalihlukaniswe eyakhiwa cishe ngo-1900 kuyinto amabhizinisi ukuba mikhulu. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, Volzhsky sitshalo Togliatti. Kodwa ekupheleni inkambo 60 yezinguquko uye ehlile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa izizathu inhloso ngempela. Kwasekuqaleni, kuleli zwe yehlile inani labantu abasebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bendabuko isisekelo seensetjenziswa iye mpilo, imba eqolo, imithombo izimayini, imishini yisikhathi, anda izindleko zempi. Kodwa inkinga eyayibalulekile ukuthi imodeli kwezomnotho kakhulu, okuyinto wayidikila yonke emisha, uye ukhathele ngokwayo - ukuthuthukiswa akahambe ngu inertia isikhathi esithile, kodwa esikhathini eside, uhlelo wawuzofekela.

Izinkinga main

I kabusha emenza obuthile. Ikakhulukazi, ukwakhiwa kwe-izakhiwo zezimboni giant kwaholela ekubeni monopolization le mboni. Lokhu, kubangelwa ompofu izinga umkhiqizo kanye nokuntuleka umthengi ukukhetha. Isingeniso izinkomba ekuhloleni izinga intengo izimpahla hhayi kuphela kwaholela enzeke ku ngentengo, kodwa futhi ukuncipha okuphawulekayo umthamo production. Umphumela zazingatholakali kalula umkhiqizo. Minyaka yonke, lenyuka ivolumu ukungeniswa izimpahla, owawungumnyaka asikwazanga ukuveza ukuthi imboni yasekhaya.

Ukongiwa wezombusazwe

Umnotho ithuthukiswe nezimboni onezinkinga. Kwakunjani ngokuthi? I-apharathasi isiqondiso Ixoxwa uBrezhnev umbono umbiko eyenziwe Kosygin kuseshini okuzobe kukhona kuwo ngo-September 1965. Imibuthano elibusayo bakholelwa ukuthi izinguquko baba yize umthofu. Futhi kwakungeyona e isidingo sokushintsha, futhi ukuntula isifiso ukusebenza. Ngokusho abanye abalobi, lesi simo sengqondo akubanga isizathu ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu kabusha. Ngokushesha, kwagxilwa emazweni izinsiza ezintsha of izinto zokusetshenziswa, okwakukhona evuleleke mpumalanga yezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwanqunywa ukuba yenze izinguquko ukuze ihlangabezane nokubusa kwezomnotho. Ngo-1979, kwenziwa umzamo ukuze ngivuselele isimo ngokuthuthukisa iziyisikhombisa kwezomnotho kanye nethonya elikhulayo ubuholi beqembu. Kodwa yonke le mizamo akakwazanga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona. Imibuthano yokubusa futhi waqala ukukhuluma ngezinzuzo umfutho zokuziphatha phezu impahla. Ukuze bavale isikhala amaphutha nokungapheleli mshini kwezomnotho savuka mncintiswano sezenhlalo. Kuphela ngo-1983, ngemva kokufa uBrezhnev, Andropov - umholi omusha wezwe - wathatha "emikhulu isilingo." Phakathi Kulindeleke bakhe ukuba buthaka ukusatshalaliswa eyodwa nokuhlela, izinguquko eziningi e nentengo ezingeni ezindaweni ezithile kanye namabhizinisi. Lezi zinyathelo yimpumelelo, kodwa umphumela kwaba yinto yesikhashana yibo. Kusekhona inkinga esiphuthumayo wahlala ushintsho iziyisikhombisa kwezomnotho.

NTP

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-'70 eNtshonalanga waqala esigabeni post-yezimboni ukuthuthukiswa. Lokhu kwakudinga ezishintshayo izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu zekhompyutha amarobhothi, ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala individualization ukusebenza, waliguqula ibe umsebenzi wokudala, mahhala kusuka imikhawulo. Ngo-USSR, sakhuluma okuningi NTP. Njengengxenye abasafufusa kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe intuthuko izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zabantu amakhompyutha adaliwe kuleli zwe. Ngo-1971, ngesikhathi kubanjwe ingqungquthela elilandelayo le CPSU siye samenyezelwa ukufakwa entsha. Plan eminyakeni embalwa ezayo lufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako kanye ukuzuzwa intuthuko ngokuhlanganyela izinzuzo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Kodwa nemibi umbuso ekhona kakhulu behlisa kwabantu nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, isicelo kwentuthuko senqubo yokukhiqiza. Ngezikhathi, kuye kwaba nemibiko ezenzekayo ezinkulu nokwatholakala. Nokho, uma ningathwali ukubaluleka lempi, baye baqhubeka unimplemented ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali kanye nokuntuleka nokuxhaswa Onjiniyela kulawo izitho, okuyinto enquma isiphetho okutholakele.

Imizamo yokuxazulula le nkinga ye STP

abaholi bezwe sebeqala ukuqonda isidingo iphokophele izindlela okuqhubekayo zokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalokho, 4-nesibaya nokuncipha kwenani lakhiwa zonke amabhizinisi ngonyaka ezinkulu. Kunalokho, NGO Kwamiswa (ngokwesayensi ukukhiqizwa inhlangano), izimboni ezintsha sekukhona (ubunjiniyela zenuzi, Microelectronics, amarobhothi, nokunye). Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezinhle nemizamo, lokhu kuthambekela bekungeke kube evelele. ososayensi Soviet babe Ikilasi lokuqala, kanye nentuthuko ngezinye izikhathi eyingqayizivele isayensi eyisisekelo. Nokho, ekuphileni okungokoqobo, intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe cishe hhayi wazizwa. Ngu 80s sase sisasebenza ngesandla u-40% emisebenzi, 60% ukwakhiwa, u-75% abasebenzi yasemakhaya.

Umhlaba ukuphendula umphakathi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-1985 e-United States, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-1.5 million amakhompyutha zakamuva futhi cishe abayizigidi ezingu-17 nama-PC. Ngo-USSR, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona amashumi amaningana ezinkulungwane zalezi imishini, iningi okwakukhona onobuhle akusebenzi. Ukwenyuka kwesibalo iye okubangelwa unswinyo ezamukelwe ngu West ngasekuqaleni 80-yalolucwaningo. Ngenxa nokuphathwa yabo eU.SSR ngacishe ngayeka yokungenisa art eziphambili amasampula kanye nobuchwepheshe eliphezulu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, phakathi nawo-80s ezweni futhi, njengoba kule eko, lisongelwa lamashumi entsha nge amazwe aseNtshonalanga.

Umnotho we-ndawonye athuthukile (etafuleni)

Ekuphetheni

Yini kwagcina kuholele ekubeni ukuthuthukiswa komnotho zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni? Ithebula elingenhla libonisa ukuthi isithombe esisitholayo kucindezele ngendlela efanayo. Nokho, ukuma kokungathathi-ingxenye eyinhloko abakhileyo isimo sesingconywana. Bambalwa nakakhulu abantu waqhubeka ehlala ezindlini ohlanganyelwe, amakhaya yaqala ukubonakala namathelevishini, amafriji, imishini yokuwasha. Amanothi kanye nokwanda kancane inkokhelo. Noma kunjalo, izinga ukusetshenziswa yezwe zibalwa indawo lama-77 kuphela kuleli zwe.