Umlando yokukhangisa eRussia

emhlabeni yokukhangisa lalibukeka cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge ukuvela ukuhweba, okwakuyigama omunye izimpawu zokuqala emphakathini ophucuzekile. Isibonelo endala yokukhangisa ukuthi ifinyelele isikhathi sethu, ubhekwa ucezu-papyrus yaseGibhithe, othi sipho kangcono ukudayiswa yezigqila. Kusukela izikhangiso ze-papyrus iqala indaba ukuvela ukukhangisa. ERoma lasendulo futhi ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, wasebenzisa izikhangiso ukuthi zigxilile yethusi ithambo amapuleti noma edwetshwe ezibhebheni zokhuni.

Umlando yokukhangisa eRussia iqala nge namakhulu eminyaka X-XI. Ngaleso sikhathi, abathengisi Russian waqala ukusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze adayise kangcono imikhiqizo yabo. Ngalezo zinsuku, isigaba yomthengisi kubhekwa lwaluthintwa izimfanelo evamile abalulekile kwezimpahla ithengiswe, badukise ngamabomu abathengi. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuqasha criers, ngubani ayehamba emigwaqweni izitolo kanye futhi ngamemeza adunyiswe esitolo futhi ithengiswe izimpahla zabo.

abameleli kakhulu eliqhakazile izwi lomlomo wokukhangisa kunazo zonke ngalezo nabathengisi ngubani ngisho wangena temdzabu. Abathengisi kudlalwa limericks, emilolozelweni, imilolotelo, okuyizinto kumnandi futhi kulula ukuyiqonda ngendlela ukukhangisa izimpahla zabo ezincane (lace, kuze kudabuke umhlane, scarves, Combs amakhwelo, candy, donuts, amakhekhe) futhi ngokushesha badayise. Umlando yokukhangisa eRussia nabo itjheje banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezishibhile izithombe zabo ethandwa. Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuthi kukhulunywa ngabo ekhulwini XVII, lapho ezinjalo kwamapulangwe ezihlekisayo ehlotshisiwe zasebukhosini. Lezi izithombe wayebheka walithanda Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izithombe kwaqala ukuvela izimpawu, okuyinto ngendlela elula necacile bajwayelane Imininingwane ehlukile noma imicimbi. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle kakhulu ngokucace futhi egqamile. Ngokushesha imilenze kufanele kutholakale hhayi kuphela esigodlweni yasebukhosini, kodwa nasemikhayeni eminingi. Yokwanda izithombe ezishibhile ethandwa ezigxilile Imininingwane yokukhangisa. Lapho laseRussia aqala athole umfutho ahwebe ngezimpahla angaphandle, imilenze babé obala futhi imfashini imikhiqizo Outlandish.

Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII, eshicilelwe ngaphansi uPetru mina «Vedomosti» iqala ukujola ukuphrinta ukukhangisa. Umlando yokukhangisa eRussia luthole umfutho eyengeziwe lapho kakade ekhulwini XIX le ezifundwayo izikhangiso emaphephandabeni iqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emadolobheni amaningi Russian wasungula amatafula nxazonke lapho anamatheliswe Amakhasi ukukhangisa. I amashidi efanayo ethe njo ku-trams com. Kwesokudla emnyango izitolo kanye nezinye izikhungo sasivunyelwa ezandleni abafana emincanyana yokukhangisa amanani izinhlu kanye amakhalenda. Kutfutfukiswa imithi ngalesi sikhathi futhi waholela isidingo ukuqaphela ebanzi omphakathi amathuba kwemithi emisha lobunikazi.

Umlando yentuthuko yokukhangisa eRussia iye yathuthuka kakhulu kusukela ukuvela ezindleleni ezintsha kanye izinhlobo ukukhangisa kuye kwaholela ukuvela ezikhethekile ukukhangisa ejensi, amahhovisi kanye bureau. Lilonke nje umlando ukukhangisa eRussia waphenduka ngemva Okthoba Revolution-1917 ngonyaka. Ukukhangisa iye silawula yonke imikhakha ngokuphelele isimo izimiso lokuqala amandla Soviet. ukusetshenziswa ukukhangisa okwakwenqatshelwe ukuthengisa izimpahla, wayengumhlali luyingxenye zezombusazwe.

Ukubuya yokukhangisa ezindaweni zabo kwaba kuphela ngesikhathi nep. Isibonelo esimangalisayo izibalo ukukhangisa kwaleyo nkathi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha V. Mayakovskogo, onikeze ndaba eziningi ithalente lakhe. Inkulumo yayo elikhanyayo futhi esimnandi ubelokhu yabakhanga abathengi ukuba umkhiqizo othize. Kodwa emphakathini waseSoviet kancane kancane, wenza ushintsho kuleyo ngamathuba wokukhangisa ahlukile nezidingo uhlelo ekhona kuleli zwe. Ngisho emva kusungulwa umnotho emakethe wezwe wokugoqa amafomu sezenhlalo ka ukuphathwa ukukhangisa eRussia lezwakala kuze kube injongo yayo kweqiniso - ukufundisa ezibanzi abathengi kanye izimfanelo ebalulekile izimpahla noma amasevisi.