Izigaba kwezakhiwo umlilo ukuqhuma izingozi: TCH. Imikhakha amagceke umlilo kanye nokuqhuma izingozi: izibonelo

Ngo zokukhiqiza lanamuhla kulo mjikelezo futhi wasebenzisa semali izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo futhi kuqhume. Ekhona zokukhiqiza imigqa kuthambekele ngesivinini wokusebenza. kwenyuswe umkhiqizo kubangela ukwenyuka kwezinga imikhawulo nemingcele ezibucayi ezifana lokushisa, ingcindezi, isilinganiso oxidant nophethiloli izingxenye. Kule ndaba, okwandisa kuthikameze yokuqhuma imililo, amandla okubhubhisa elibangela umonakalo impahla ezinkulu, okuholela ekulimaleni okubucayi noma ekufeni ka abasebenzi bezinhlangano. Njengoba ukuhlaziya izingozi ezinkulu kanye nemiphumela yabo Awuboshezelwe ukwakhiwa uqobo we amabhizinisi ngokwabo, kodwa futhi uye endaweni ezungeze nezindawo zokuhlala. Kuhlola causality izibhicongo lobuchwepheshe ikuvumela ukuthatha kudingekile izinyathelo zokuvimbela, hhayi kuphela e-operation ye zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa iphrojekthi lobuchwepheshe umklamo, ukulungiswa izikimu kanye izinhlelo, kanye ngesikhathi kwakhiwa. Kulesi uhlaka isetshenziselwa emkhakheni izakhiwo ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. Cabangela lokhu ngezigaba ngokuningiliziwe.

Uhlolojikelele

Ukubalwa isigaba ukuqhuma kanye izakhiwo umlilo ingozi ivumela uhlelo ukuzimisela umgomo we ezingeni okunemibandela usongo kwethuba lokuba kwenzeke inhlekelele lobuchwepheshe. Ngokusekelwe kulezi nemingcele ngu ukuthuthukiswa kanye substantiation izixazululo lwenhlangano lobuchwepheshe. Nazo ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekisa elikhulu ukusebenza ezindaweni ngaphakathi kwemingcele ingozi eyamukelekayo.

isizinda normative

Ukuze asindise ukuphila, impilo, impahla izinhlangano ezingokomthetho, umasipala kanye umlilo isimo evunywe uMthetho Federal inombolo 123. isikhundla Its kunqunywa izinkomba ezisemqoka wesi lobuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha kahulumeni. Isenzo normative ubeka eziyisisekelo nezidingo zokuphepha izindawo, okuhlanganisa - ukwakhiwa, izakhiwo, amagumbi, izakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa umlilo-lobuchwepheshe kanye nalolo olwejwayelekile. Icacisa izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga wathi Law Code yokuSebenza. Ngokuhambisana kulesi sigaba kwenziwa emagcekeni ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. SP 12. 13130. 2009 lizokwenza ngezigaba indlela ndawo. It incike isibalo izinto futhi izinto ezisetshenziswa noma ngaphakathi kubo. Ochwepheshe acabangele inqubo zobuchwepheshe. Ngokusho iqoqo imithetho kunqunywa isigaba ukuqhuma nomlilo yezinhlekelele ishede kanye ukukhiqizwa. Le ndawo nezinye izinjongo akakwazi ukuba ahlukaniswe.

ngezigaba nenqubo

Izigaba kwezakhiwo ngoba ukuqhuma nomlilo izingozi zinqunywa ngokuhambisana uhlobo izinto ezivuthayo futhi izinto eziqukethwe kubo, ubuningi zabo nezindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangelwe isikhala-ukuhlela izixazululo endaweni kanye nezici izinqubo ukuthi yenziwa ngaphakathi kubo. Izakhiwo ngezinto zokwakha kanye izinto ezibekwa ngesisekelo imiphumela eyatholakala lapho ukuhlola noma amasu ukubala okujwayelekile ikhumbula izinkomba isimo (lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nabanye). Livu pha zisebenzisa inkomba, ulwazi eshicilelwe ngokusemthethweni ku izinto nezimpahla izinto. Futhi bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ngoba Izingxube izinto futhi izinto esemazweni esiyingozi kakhulu.

izimiso ngokwahlukana

Isigaba Ukwenzangcono ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi esungulwe acabangele izici ingozi, kanti izakhiwo sokugcina indaba kokuqala, imishini izici, njll i ngokwahlukana inqubo ekhona esekelwe ngulemigomo lelandzelako .:

1. Ukwamukelwa kungenzeka zokulawula (ethize) ukwehluleka amandla.
2. Inombolo ye-akhawunti ngezinto zokwakha kanye izinto ezivumelana ekwakhekeni uthuli noma isisi Izingxube engozini.
3. Ikhumbula izakhiwo izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni.

Through the emkhakheni we amagceke ukuqhuma nomlilo izingozi, ochwepheshe makamthathe okufana ezingezinhle kakhulu inhlekelele noma ngesikhathi ukusebenza evamile izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe kanye izakhi ezenza kube up. Lezi zimiso kwakheka isisekelo izidingo okumele ilandelwe ngesikhathi ngezigaba.

Izigaba kwezakhiwo umlilo ukuqhuma izingozi: SP

Ukuze ukuhlola futhi qhathanisa lizinga usongo kanye nezinga Ukuvikelwa kuchazwe amaqembu amahlanu kanye namakilasi amathathu. Ithebula elilandelayo libonisa izici zabo.

Ngokusho la maqembu kwenziwa ngezigaba kwezakhiwo ngoba ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. Tablets, okusesihlokweni esithi iphuzu ukuze isigaba into. Ziyakwazi nemfuneko ebalulekile kwemibhalo normative.

AMAZWI

Izenzo overpressure, okuyinto 5 KPA njengoba isilinganiso ambalwa ngoba uthuli umusi Izingxube. Lesi sibalo abasebenzi hhayi okuyisimo esisongela ukuphila. Imikhakha amagceke ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi B1-B4 zinqunywa usebenzisa ipharamitha amandla. Lubonakaliswa umthwalo ethize (MJ / m2).

Izigaba kwezakhiwo kwi ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi (GOST)

Esikhathini ngezigaba kumelwe acabangele izici ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali ngezinto zokwakha kanye izinto kanye nemingcele zabo:

1. iqembu combustibility.
2. ingcindezi Maximum ku ukuqhuma futhi ulinganisele yayo ukwanda.
3. izimo autoignition (ukushisa).
4. Amazinga lokuhlushwa ukusabalala umlilo.
5. evutha isivinini.
6. Autoignition lokushisa.
7. Oxygen Inkomba.
8. flashpoint.
9. Ignition amandla (aphansi).
10. Umkhawulo lokushisa ilangabi esiphelweni.
11. Ikhono wokushisa futhi amabhomu phezu ukuxhumana nabanye compounds, umoya-mpilo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi.
12. lokushisa ilangabi.
13. awuthunqise isizukulwane Coefficient.
14. Amapharamitha imikhiqizo ubuthi imiswe phakathi omlilo of compounds polymeric futhi izinto.
15. Izinga normative komlilo ukusabalala.
16. Ubuncane Lokuhlushwa Explosible oxygen.
17. umlilo ukusabalala Inkomba.
18. ukuthungela lokushisa.
19. Phlegmatizing ubuncane lokuhlushwa phlegmatizer.

Isibalo nemingcele ezidingekayo futhi ezanele ukuze izici ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi izinto futhi izinto ngokuya ukucubungula kwabo, izimboni, amapulazi akhiqiza isitoreji kanye zokuhamba, unjiniyela ubeka TU futhi GOST. Lokhu umsebenzi ongenza ukuklama uhlelo zokuphepha esikhungweni.

Ukwahlukaniswa izinto

Izigaba zezakhiwo ngu ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi liyakushunyayelwa esekelwe division elandelayo:

1. Amagesi kukhona izinto lapho ngokuphelele umusi ingcindezi at the lokushisa. 25 degrees. esilingana noma mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 101,3 KPA.
2. izinto okuqinile abe lokushisa intambo (ukuma) mkhulu kunezinhliziyo degrees 50. hhayi kokuba nhlobo.
3. Uketshezi kukhona izinto lapho elihlale umusi ingcindezi at the lokushisa. 25 degrees. kanye ingcindezi engaphansi kuka 101,3 KPA 101,3 KPA.
4. Dusts abahlakazekile ukudla okuqinile, usayizi kuyizinhlayiyana lapho - ngaphansi kuka-850 microns.

izici Key

Izigaba zezakhiwo ngu ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi Kwenziwa kwale mibandela elandelayo:

1. Ikhumbula imiphumela ezingezinhle kakhulu ukuhluleka kudivayisi.
2. Zonke okuqukethwe ukufakwa ekamelweni.
3. Phakathi nesikhathi adingekayo ekuvaleni kwenzeka kanyekanye ukuvuza izinto kusukela ingcindezi kanye ukuncela amapayipi.
4. Isikhathi okulinganisiwe uyama uma ematfuba ukwehluleka kohlelo othomathikhi akuyona ezingaphezu kuka 10-6 ngonyaka noma inikeza izakhi komsebenzi. Ngesilinganiso okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesikhathi Imi othomathikhi - imizuzwana 120, ukulungiselelwa manual -. 300 sec.
5. Ukuhwamuka okwenzeka ebusweni ezichithekile oluvuthayo izimoto liquid amathangi nge esibukweni evulekile kanye evele asanda ngesineke. endaweni yayo kunqunywa ngesilinganiso 1 ilitha 1 sq. m isakhiwo. In the ukungabikho inkomba idatha ye Izingxube oluvuthayo Inkomba ibalwa ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi 1 ilitha uketshezi olune-70% noma kuphela ngaphansi kuthululwe ku- 0.5 sq. m.
6. Isikhathi ukuhwamuka Kusolwa ukuba inkathi ukuhwamuka ephelele, kodwa hhayi ngemizuzwana engaphezu kwengu-3600.
7. Uma idivayisi ehluleka acabangele mass uthuli layo lamanje ezikulesi simila. Ngakho pylenakoplenie yokutholwa ngokuhambisana kwezimo ezivamile ukusebenza.
8. Umqulu khulula egumbini lingathathwa ilingana u-80% wezindleko.

izindlela zokunquma kulokhu

Kanjani ncamashi owenza emkhakheni izikhala by ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi? TKP 474-2013 - Ikhodi umkhuba, bakha ngezigaba indlela. Ukwehlukanisa senziwa usebenzisa izindlela deterministic futhi probabilistic. Nge yokugcina uyakucabangela imvelo okungahleliwe eziphuthumayo. Indlela probabilistic kusivumela ukulinganisa izinga langempela ingozi ngokuvamile futhi ezimweni ethile. Indlelanchubo yekusebentisa deterministic isekelwe nokuhlaziywa ambalwa ngokuhlukumeza okunamandla amandla ukukhululwa ibuyiselwe ngesikhathi izingozi lobuchwepheshe. Kumele isici amathekhiniki ezisetshenziswa ekunqumeni isigaba amagceke ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi kuphawulwe. Ikesi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi indlela esetshenziswa libhekene ematfuba nesenzakalo ingozi, ngaphandle umthombo ukuthungela nemiphumela kwesikwele.

Ikhodi lobuchwepheshe

Ngokuhambisana wo hlinzeka eyenziwa ngezigaba jikelele amagceke ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. TAP asisebenzi izinto, ngezigaba senziwa ngokusho imithetho ekhethekile neziqondiso. Ukuhlukana, kwenziwe ngokuhambisana ikhodi kumele isetshenziswe ukwakha izidingo ukuze kuvikeleke izindawo lapho uhlela, sokunquma inani storeys, ECW osayizi. linezingxenye, zithuthe abantu abalinganiselwa ku, ukufakwa imishini ubunjiniyela, ukwamukela izixazululo ezakhayo nokunye. Izimfuneko kufanele kucatshangelwe ku wokwakha, sesimanje, kabusha, lobuchwepheshe kabusha imishini, kanye ukulungiswa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ukusetshenziswa izinto.

Ububanzi

Kwezinye izimo, ichaza imikhakha izakhiwo by ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi? Izibonelo imisebenzi lapho kuyadingeka ukuze sifeze ngezigaba okukhulunywa ngakho, kubandakanya lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukusebenza.
2. Design.
3. Imishini.
4. Ukushintsha ubuchwepheshe.
5. Ukwakhiwa kabusha.
6. Ukubuyiselwa umthamo production.

izigaba

Okokuqala kumele ukuthi akuzona zonke inhlangano ungakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho emkhakheni izikhala by ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. Ilayisensi - idokhumenti eziyisisekelo egunyaza ukukhiqizwa imisebenzi enjalo. Umsebenzi unezigaba ezimbili. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala iqoqa imininingwane edingekayo:

1. Usayizi nezici lezinto.
2. Ukushayela imishini indawo (imidwebo ukusebenza).
3. Ishidi.
4. iziqondiso Technical.
5. Amapharamitha futhi icebo ohlelweni ukupholisa.
6. Isakhiwo ukuzilawula ngokuzenzekelayo inqubo nemingcele.
7. Isikimu zokucisha uhlelo.
8. Okunye idatha efanele.

Uma umsebenzi wenziwa at esigabeni design, ulwazi olufanele ethathwa ngemibhalo yomsebenzi. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sesibili, eqinisweni, ukubala izigaba.

Izici iziqondiso

iziqondiso washayelwa emva kokuhlola nokumisa izigaba kwezakhiwo. Ukuvikelwa lezinto inikezwa ngokuhambisana Standard State. Kuyinto, ngokukhethekile, kudinga khona zokuvimbela umlilo izinhlelo (SBS) nokuvikelwa umlilo (SDR). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlinzekwa izinyathelo lwenhlangano lobuchwepheshe (OTM). State Standardization iKomiti futhi lizokwenza izimfuneko izindlela ukuvikela izinhlelo MTP futhi SDR, okubonisa emkhakheni we amagceke ukuqhuma nomlilo ingozi. NPB 105.03 (imithetho lomthetho) ukunquma nezidingo zokuvikeleka kanye ukucindezelwa iyunithi AOP (ukuthola othomathikhi izinhlelo kanye zokucisha ukuthungela). Lezi zimfuneko oyisibopho yezinhlangano kanye namabhizinisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuyiphi zeminyango kanye uhlobo ubunikazi, kanye abantu ngokomzimba. Lokucindezela iyunithi uhlobo, uhlobo eqeda izindlela, indlela ukuqeda ingozi yomlilo, ngohlobo lomshini ezifakiwe ngokuhambisana izici kwezobuchwepheshe into evikelwe. Lokhu ucabangela iphrojekthi umlilo izikimu kanye nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. izitshalo Space ubunjiniyela kanye izinqubo eqinile kanye nezinye izinto lapho izinto ezivuthayo kungukuthi equkethwe, kungenziwa ifakwe AUOP futhi baqedwe iyunithi. Ezindaweni lapho kukhona alamu umlilo, kufanele ufake uhlelo nokuvikeleka. Lapho isihloko endaweni ukuba imishini AUPT, kusukela 40% noma ngaphezulu ubukhulu ingqikithi izibuya, kubalulekile ukuhlinzekela ukufakwa ohlelweni lulonke emhlabeni ukwakhiwa. Ukuze izakhiwo eziphathelene esigabeni B1, S kuyehla 20%. Kuleli qembu endaweni ukwakhiwa B3 ovunyelwe ukwandisa umthamo ofanayo.

isiphetho

Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, njalo ngokwanele kusuka abaculi kanye nezifundiswa babe emkhakheni nasenkathazweni izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo. Khonamanjalo abanekhono futhi uchwepheshe ukusungula into iqembu kubalulekile ngesikhathi ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Uma umsebenzi eyenziwa hlelembisa kuyiqiniso, yonke into yezobuchwepheshe ezingavela kamuva, ziyoxazululwa kahle. Ngaphansi kwemibandela inombolo uMthetho Federal 69, imenenja ngayinye Kungumsebenzi abekiwe ihambisane nezidingo we Bop. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkampani kumele inikezwe iqoqo izinyathelo lwenhlangano zokuvimbela okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa amathuba izinsongo ukuphepha izindawo zezimboni, ukuphila nempilo yabasebenzi, kulondolozwe impahla kanye ukukhiqizwa amagugu. Amaphutha ekunqumeni izinyathelo ezidingekayo kungaholela komsebenzi wabo noma ukuntula. Lokhu, kuzoholela ukwehluleka izindleko zethu ezingokwenyama zokugwema umlilo.