Vyacheslav Molotov (Vyacheslav Mihaylovich Skryabin): Biography, umsebenzi wezepolitiki

Molotov wayengomunye walaba amaBolshevik ambalwa ucingo kuqala, okuyinto ephethwe ukuze usinde inkathi yokucindezelwa uStalin futhi bahlale amandla. Uye aphethwe ezihlukahlukene okuthunyelwe sikahulumeni e-yalolucwaningo 1920-1950.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Vyacheslav Molotov wazalwa Mashi 9, 1890. Igama lakhe langempela - Alexander Scriabin. Molotov - party mbumbulu. Lapho esemusha, amaBolshevik basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene amagama ezinyatheliswe emaphephandabeni. Molotov mbumbulu wasebenzisa okokuqala e incwajana ekuthuthukiseni umnotho Soviet, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi esengeziwe engase nginaso yini ukushiya.

I wamavukelambuso esizayo wazalelwa ekilasini umndeni phakathi, owayehlala umpheki umuzana esifundazweni Vyatka. Uyise wayengumGreki sasivumela ecebile wakwazi ukunikeza izingane zakhe imfundo enhle. Vyacheslav Molotov ubekade esikoleni wangempela Kazan. Ngo iminyaka yobusha bakhe beza inguquko yokuqala Russian, okuyinto Yiqiniso, ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinte ukubukwa yale nsizwa. Yabafundi yena wajoyina i kwamaBolshevik iqembu kwentsha ngo-1906. Ngo-1909 waboshwa badingiselwa Vologda. Ngemva yokukhululwa Vyacheslav Molotov kuhanjiswe ku Petersburg. Enhloko-dolobha, waqala ukusebenza ephephandabeni Party wezomthetho kuqala ngokuthi "Iqiniso." Scriabin alethwe umngane wakhe Victor Tikhomirnov, ngubani wayevela emkhayeni yomthengisi, ngezimali ukuba kusakazwe le Socialist ngezindleko zabo. Igama yangempela Vyacheslav Molotov ayisekho udluliselwe ke. Revolutionary ekugcineni exhunywe ukuphila kwakhe kuleli qembu.

The Revolution futhi kulwiwa

Ngu ekuqaleni Februwari Yenguquko Vyacheslav Molotov, ngokungafani kakhulu amaBolshevik abadumile wayesemathuneni Russia. Ukhiye umuntu ephathini iminyaka eminingi waba ekudingisweni. Ngakho-ke, ezinyangeni zokuqala kuka-1917, Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich isisindo mkhulu Petrograd. Wahlala umhleli we- "Iqiniso", ngisho wangena nekomidi kweSoviet ka Workers futhi Amabutho 'amasekela.

Lapho Lenin nabanye abaholi (b) RSDLP Waphindela eRussia, umsebenzi abasha esebohlile ubala futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola akusabonakali. Molotov udliwe abadala e ubugagu nesibindi wamavukelambuso. Kodwa kwakufanele ukuthi nezinzuzo: komuzwa wesibopho, ukukhuthala nemfundo lobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi Yombango Molotov ikakhulu esisogwini 'ensimini' umsebenzi esifundazweni - ahlela umsebenzi emikhandlwini yendawo kanye nomasipala.

Ngo-1921, kwesibili abaphuma amalungu eqembu nenhlanhla ukuze uthole umzimba omusha central - Secretariat. Lapha Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich wangena shí umsebenzi bureaucratic wayesemathuneni isici sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iHhovisi likaNobhala leKomiti Central we RCP (b), waba uHeinrich Stalin, okuyinto kunqunywa wonke ikusasa lakhe esizayo.

isandla kukaStalin kwesokudla

Ngo-1922, uStalin wakhethwa uNobhala Jikelele we-Committee Central. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-abasha V M. Molotov baba protégé yakhe. Wafakazela ubuqotho bakhe ngokuthatha kuyo yonke inhlanganisela futhi acebe izingobe of Stalin njengoba uLenin kule minyaka embalwa edlule, futhi ngemva kokufa Lenin. Molotov ngempela endaweni efanele. He is ngokwemvelo ayikaze umholi, kodwa ehlukene ukukhuthala bureaucratic, kwamsiza emsebenzini ezingenakubalwa kwabefundisi eKomidini Central.

On emngcwabeni kukaLenin ngo-1924, Molotov ibithwele lomngcwabo wakhe, okuyinto kwaba uphawu isisindo sakhe hardware. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liqala nempi yangaphakathi eqenjini. Indlela yokumiswa "banamandla aqoqelwe ndawonye" lase likhona isikhathi eside kakhulu. It ubeka phambili abantu abathathu nokusebenzisa ngobuholi - Stalin, Trotsky futhi Zinoviev. Molotov bekulokhu unodoli ngowokuqala futhi eseduze. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvumelana izinga drift kaNobhala-Jikelele, ngenkuthalo ekhankasela amavoti iKomiti Central, kuqala ngokumelene "Trotskyist", bese "Zinoviev" ukuphikiswa.

1 Januwari 1926 V M. Molotov waba ilungu Politburo - ebusayo iKomiti Central, esasihlanganisa umuntu ezinethonya kunazo iqembu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunqotshwa yokugcina labamelene kukaStalin iphutha. Ngosuku ekugubheni neshumi leminyaka lika-Okthoba Revolution bebelokhu nokuhlaselwa abasekeli Trotsky sika. Kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba badingiselwa Kazakhstan ekudingisweni zokuhlonipha, bese kwesokunxele ngokuphelele i-USSR.

Molotov kwaba kukaStalin Yiqiniso umqhubi at Yedolobha YaseMoscow Party Committee. Wayedlala njalo emelene omunye abaholi okuthiwa kwesokudla-wing ukuphikiswa Nikolaya Uglanova, okuyinto, ekugcineni, waphundla yomnyango uNobhala lokuqala CIM. Ngo 1928-1929 GG. ilungu Politburo wathatha kule ndawo. Kulezi zinyanga ezimbalwa, Molotov owabanjwa ukubonakaliswa eMoscow wokuhlanza kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Kusukela lapho, bonke nezitha Stalin neyesifunda zachithwa. Nokho, ukucindezelwa kwesikhathi babemi omnene - akekho ingakamiswa esingu noma ayiswa emakamu okuhlushwa.

Explorer collectivization

Thunder kwabaphikisi bakhe, uStalin futhi Molotov ekuqaleni-1930 enikeziwe amandla ematheni Koba. UNobhala Jikelele adunyiswe kunikezelwa nokukhuthala esandleni sakhe sokunene. Ngo-1930, ngemva ukwesula Rykov kwaba okuthunyelwe singenamuntu phansi umgcinisihlalo loMkhandlu Yabantu Commissars wase-USSR. It salandelwa Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich. Kafushane, waba yinhloko yezizwe uhulumeni wamaSoviet, enaleyo okuthunyelwe kuze 1941.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-collectivization emaphandleni Molotov futhi ngokuvamile uya uhambo ibhizinisi ezweni lonke. Wayehola Ukunqotshwa kwe-kulaks ku Ukraine. Isimo edingekayo zonke isinkwa ongumlimi ezaholela ukumelana kule ndawo. Ezindaweni entshonalanga safinyelela nezibhelu. Ubuholi Soviet, noma kunalokho, mathupha Stalin, banquma ukwenza "eqa big" - isiqalo abukhali kwezezimboni womnotho emuva. Ukuze ukuthi sidinga imali. Baphuthunyiswe ngokusebenzisa ukudayiswa okusanhlamvu phesheya. Ukuze uthole it, uhulumeni waqala requisitioning isivuno kusukela kubantukazana. Mayelana wenza lokhu Vyacheslav Molotov. Biography of lokhu umsebenzi ngo-1930 wagcwala iziqephu ezahlukene eliyingozi futhi edidayo. Lo mkhankaso wokuqala ezifana nokuhlasela abalimi Ukraine.

amapulazi ezingaphumeleli collective wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela ayekuthunyiwe njengoba kuqala izinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu yamabele procurements. Lapho efika e Moscow imibiko belusizi mayelana isivuno 1932 ezibiyele wanquma uhlele igagasi elisha ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, kulokhu nje kuphela ngokumelene kulaks, kodwa futhi abagqugquzeli lwamaqembu endawo ukubhekana nomsebenzi wabo. Kodwa lezi zinyathelo ngeke umsindise Ukraine endlaleni.

Eyesibili umuntu esimweni

Ngemva kokubhujiswa umkhankaso kulaks umkhankaso ukuhlaselwa entsha, wakhe ubuhanjelwe Molotov. USSR usuka buqala bekulokhu isimo kobushiqela. Stalin kubangelwe nabasizi bakhe ngiyilahle eziningi emaqenjini aphikisayo beqembu amaBolshevik. Ingabe e asebenza ihlazo axoshwe eMoscow, wamukela izikhundla ezincane emaphethelweni lizwe.

Kodwa ngemva kokubulawa Kirov ngo-1934, uStalin wanquma ukusebenzisa leli isikhathi njengezaba zokubalekela ukubhujiswa ezingokomzimba engadingeki. Amalungiselelo usuqalile sokwembula izinkantolo. Ngo-1936, ecaleni elibhekene Zinoviev futhi Kamenev lahlelwa. Abasunguli be-KwamaBolshevik Party babesolwa ngokuchema iqhaza counterrevolutionary Trotskyist inhlangano. Kwakuyisikhathi ezazihlelwe kahle inkulumo-ze indaba. Molotov, naphezu nesikhathi sakhe wokufika kuqhathaniswa inkantolo. Wabe cishe zibulale ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Stalin wakwazi ukugcina abalandeli bakhe ku isheke. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, Molotov ngiza- simelane wave eyalandela zobuphekula. Kunalokho, yaba ngumshumayeli ehlanganyela ngentshiseko.

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMpi Enkulu Patriotic we 25 Yabantu Commissars, owayesebenza SNK ngo-1935, sasinda kuphela Voroshilov, Mikoyan, Litvinov, Kaganovich futhi Molotov yena Vyacheslav. Ubuzwe, efaneleyo, ukwethembeka siqu ukuba umholi - konke lokhu ilahlekelwe injongo. Ngaphansi roller we NKVD ungase uthole eyodwa. Ngo-1937, usihlalo we-SNK senziwa omunye plenums leKomiti Central nge Diatribe e iziphi izingcingo toughen ekulweni bayizitha zabantu kanye izinhloli.

It Molotov okuqaliswe guqula kwalandela "Trika" wathola ilungelo lokwahlulela abantu abasolwa awuwedwa, kodwa lonke uhlu. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze lula umsebenzi izidumbu. I usadlondlobele yokucindezelwa kwenzeka ngo 1937-1938 GG., Lapho NKVD futhi izinkantolo nje wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela ukugeleza ummangalelwa. Terror akabuyanga kuphela ubuholi beqembu. Wabuye wathinta phezu izakhamuzi ezivamile-USSR. Kodwa Stalin ngokuyinhloko mathupha abaqondiswa "Trotskyists" abaphezulu, izinhloli Japanese nezinye amambuka. Ukulandela umholi amacala yawela ihlazo wahlanganyela izimfihlo zakhe eziyinhloko. Ngo-1930 Molotov empeleni kwaba isiqu sesibili isimo. Indlela kwaba celebration esemthethweni unyaka wayo wama-50 ngo-1940. Khona-ke usihlalo SNK hhayi kuphela wathola eziningi isimo imiklomelo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe wakhe edolobheni lasePerm uqambe kabusha Molotov.

Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle

Njengoba Molotov kwaba ngo Politburo, yena njengoMenzi isikhulu esiphezulu Soviet nkwenziwa angaphandle. Usihlalo CPC ne Wabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle wase-USSR Maxim Litvinov ngokuvamile awavumelani ezindabeni elala West, nokunye .. Ngo-1939 kwaba khona izinguquko. Litvinov eshiye yakhe, futhi Molotov kwaba Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle. Stalin wammisa okwamanje nje lapho inqubomgomo angaphandle seliphinde laba a lunqume ngenxa yokuphila lonke lelo zwe.

Okwaholela ekuxoshweni Litvinov? Kukholakala ukuthi Molotov kule umthamo kwaba sikuvumela noNobhala-Jikelele, njengoba kwaba umsekeli rapprochement ne Germany. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Commissar ngemva Scriabin engamiswa, ehhovisi lakhe, igagasi elisha ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, esangenza uStalin ukuqeda le amanxusa Asisekeli Inqubomgomo bakhe bezinye izizwe.

Lapho Berlin bezwa nokuchema Litvinova, uHitler ngaphambilini abadlali bakhe ukuthola ukuthi yini isimo omusha eMoscow. Entwasahlobo ka-1939, uStalin wayesekhona ukungabaza, kodwa ehlobo ekugcineni wanquma ukuthi kuwufanele ukuzama singathola esivumelana ngakho nabantu-Third Reich, hhayi Britain noma France. Agasti 23 ngonyaka ofanayo, wafika e Moscow, kusho uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle u-German Joachim von Ribbentrop. Izingxoxo kuphela Stalin futhi Molotov ababenaye. Abenzi lutho unolwazi mayelana izinhloso zayo namanye amalungu we Politburo, okuyinto, isibonelo, kuye kwaholela ukudideka Voroshilov, ngaleso sikhathi wayephethe elala eFrance naseNgilandi. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukufika ithimba German kwaba edumile okungezona ubudlova isivumelwano. It is yaziwa nangokuthi Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact atheleka, nakuba Yiqiniso, igama zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa zezenzakalo ezichazwe.

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we main sihlanganisa ezengeziwe yezifiso imfihlo. Ngokusho lokho ezikushoyo, iSoviet Union neJalimane esehlukanise iMpumalanga Yurophu yaba izindawo ayezozibusa. Leli lungiselelo avunyelwe Stalin ukuqala impi ngokumelene Finland, annexing aseBaltic, Moldova nePoland. Big kangakanani indima efezwa lezi zivumelwano Molotov? Non-ubudlova inhlanganiso yethiwa igama lakhe, kodwa-ke, zonke izinqumo ezisemqoka abenziwe uStalin. Commissar yakhe kwakukubi kuphela usuku obhekele intando umholi. Eminyakeni emibili eyalandela, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, Molotov benza inqubomgomo angaphandle ikakhulu kuphela.

IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

Ngokusho imigudu yalo zamanxusa Molotov wathola ulwazi mayelana nokulungiselelwa Third Reich impi neSoviet Union. Kodwa akazange unamathisele ukubaluleka kwalezi imibiko, ngoba wayesaba ngehlazo phezu ingxenye uStalin. Umholi abeke etafuleni imiyalezo efanayo Undercover, kodwa abazange shake enkolelweni yakhe yokuthi Hitler wayengeke alinge ukuhlasela i-USSR.

Akumangazi ukuthi Juni 22, 1941 Molotov ngemva kumqashi wakhe wayethinteke ngokujulile ishaqekile izindaba zokudalula impi. Kodwa kuye, uStalin wayala ukwenza enkulumweni yakhe edume, okwakubekelwa emsakazweni ngosuku yokuhlasela Wehrmacht. Phakathi nempi Molotov bakhonza imisebenzi ikakhulukazi zamanxusa. Waphinde waba yiphini Stalin ekupheleni State Defense Committee. Yabantu Commissar kanye kuphela wazithola ngaphambili, lapho wathunyelwa ukuphenya izimo inqotshwa kabuhlungu Vyazma imisebenzi ekwindla 1941.

ku Doghouse

Ngobusuku obandulela neMpi Yezwe II Molotov ngibe usihlalo SNK yena salandelwa Stalin yena. Lapho, ekugcineni, kukhona ukuthula, commissar abantu iye yaqhubeka eposini yakhe ophethe inqubomgomo angaphandle. Waba khona emihlanganweni yokuqala UN, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokuvamile baya e-United States. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga konke wabheka kahle Molotov. Nokho, ngo-1949, waboshwa umkakhe uPolina Zhemchuzhina. Wayengumngane ayengumJuda ngokuzalwa, futhi ungumuntu obalulekile samaJuda. Antifascist Committee. Ngemva nje kwempi, iSoviet Union yaqala umkhankaso anti-lwamaSemite, iqalwa Stalin yena. Pearl ngokwemvelo yawela lokusila kwakhe. Ukuze ukubopha unkosikazi Molotov kwakuyilungelo black uphawu.

Kusukela ngo-1949, waba esikhundleni njalo ngoba Stalin, owaqala Ache. Nokho, okufanayo entwasahlobo umsebenzi wakhunyulwa leposi lakhe njengoba Commissar. Ngesikhathi XIX iCongress of the Party, uStalin akazange siyifake Ephakeme KaHulumeni entsha leKomiti Central. Iqembu waqala ukubheka Molotov esinjengesomuntu esasizobhujiswa. Zonke izimpawu zibonisa ukuthi izwe siyeza isichathule entsha engenhla, elifana ukuthi uzizamazamisile iSoviet Union ngo-1930. Manje Molotov wayengomunye walaba izicelo zokuqala ukuba badutshulwe. Ngokwe-Umlando we Khrushchev, uStalin uma ngokuzwakalayo wake wakhuluma izinsolo zakhe ukuthi wangaphambili Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle sezempi ngu nobutha intelligence Western ngesikhathi ohambweni lwakhe zamanxusa e-United States.

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin

Molotov ukulondolozwa kuphela okungazelelwe kokufa kukaStalin, 5 Mashi 1953. Ukudlula kwakhe kwaba ukushaqeka hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi ukuba nesimo esiphuthumayo. Ngalesi sikhathi Stalin baba unkulunkulu othile, ogama ukufa Kwakunzima ukukholelwa. Abantu balapho amahemuhemu ukuthi Molotov kungase kuthathe indawo umholi njengenhloko yombuso. It nomthelela udumo lwakhe, kanye umsebenzi eside abasezikhundleni eziphezulu.

Kodwa Molotov waphinda abashongo ubuholi. "Amandla collective" futhi wammisa Minister of Foreign Affairs. Molotov asekelwe Khrushchev kanye nabasizi bakhe ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa Beria futhi Malenkov. Nokho ezivukayo inyunyana eyathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Iqembu elite izingxabano yansukuzonke mayelana nomgomo wezangaphandle. acute Ikakhulukazi kwaba umbuzo elala eYugoslavia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Molotov, Voroshilov futhi Khrushchev iphikisana nokwakushiwo phezu izinqumo zayo on ukuthuthukisa emazweni virgin. Sezadlula lezo nsuku lapho umholi eyodwa kuphela kwaba kuleli zwe. Khrushchev kwadingeka Yiqiniso, akazange abe nengxenye yeshumi amandla, owawungumnyaka uStalin. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana hardware isisindo okwaholela ukwesula kwakhe.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho nge ukuhola kwakhe nekubeka goodbye Molotov. Ngo-1957, yena Wajoyina Kaganovich futhi Malenkov kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iqembu anti-party. Injongo kuhlasela Khrushchev eyayifuna ukuba asule esikhundleni. Nokho, iqembu ukwazi kakhulu wehluleka iqembu ukuvota. Kulandele kumeshi kohlelo. Molotov elahlekile post yakhe njengoNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngemva 1957, Molotov labetibambile ezincane okuthunyelwe uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, wayengumuntu inxusa eMongolia. Ngemva ukugxekwa mayelana nesinqumo sayo XXII Congress axoshwe party wamthuma umhlalaphansi. Molotov wahlala ekhuthele kuze izinsuku zakhe zokugcina. Njengoba umuntu wangasese, wabhala futhi ishicilelwe izincwadi nezihloko. Ngo-1984, kakade ixhegu wakwazi ukufeza ukubuyiselwa leQembu LamaKhomanisi.

In the 1980 imbongi uFeliksi Chuev eshicilelwe okuqoshiwe izingxoxo zabo ne mastodon inqubomgomo Soviet. Futhi, isibonelo, umzukulu umhlaziyi wezepolitiki Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Nikonov kwaba nombhali Umlando nocwaningo eningiliziwe Biography of the umsebenzi eSoviet. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka indoda yesibili esimweni, wafa ngo-1986 eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 96.