Ubunjalo iBaikal. IChibi iBaikal - isimangaliso nemvelo

I umqophi omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi umklami sonke isikhathi - ubunjalo. Ngu ezakheke eliyingqayizivele futhi eyingqayizivele zebanga sabo njalo ukukhumbuza esintwini obukhazikhazi, ubuhle namandla. Insimu Russia kuphezulu kakhulu, yingakho ngezinye izikhala elalivuliwe kukhona okudaliwe eziningi ezimangalisayo bemvelo. Indaba imvelaphi yabo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane ukuthi Sinesithakazelo ezinkulungwane zabantu abavela emhlabeni jikelele. isimangaliso Russian bemvelo - iChibi iBaikal - edonsela lenqwaba izivakashi kanye abacwaningi ngenxa izici zayo eziyingqayizivele.

ukuvela

Kuze kube namuhla, umsuka echibini kanye nobudala ososayensi eyindida. IBaikal umzimba endala lamanzi Emhlabeni, lasungulwa eyalwiwa eminyakeni ezingaphezulu kwezingu-30 edlule, ngohlobo ezifanayo imfundo amachibi Glacial "bukhoma" iminyaka engaphezu 10-15 izinkulungwane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, zikhona izinqubo engelapheki ka siltation noma eutrophication. Ngalo mqondo iBaikal - zimangaliso nemvelo, amanzi alo asobala, babe amazinga aphansi ukungcoliswa organic compounds nokumbiwa futhi ugu kancane kancane eshintsha ukwandisa. Stone isitsha, okuyinto lemali elikhulu amanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni, sizungezwe cishe nxazonke by entabeni nemithambeka. Lokhu ukucindezeleka ngokujulile, esisogwini umhlaba, ngokubona ososayensi abaningi, udabula uqweqwe kuya izingqimba engenhla nesiphuku. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi izinqubo zomhlaba kuholele kumiswa kwesigubhu. Nini, kanjani lolu lwandle lasendulo, kusazobonakala, kodwa ubunjalo iBaikal silindelwe abantu imibuzo eminingi.

geography

Ngo nobukhulu East eSiberia esivela enyakatho-mpumalanga kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga welula ngendlela umkhathi inhlendla emise yamanzi. IChibi iBaikal liyindawo elise-Asia Ephakathi emngceleni Republic of Buryatia futhi esifundeni sase-Irkutsk. Ubude bayo 630 km, ububanzi zokhahlamba kusuka 25 kuya ku-80 km. Le ndawo komzimba namanzi ifaniswe ne insimu ka kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu (iNetherlands, iBelgium), kumayelana 32 000 sq. km. Ugu ngokuvamile washintsha, ubude bayo esiphezulu iqinile ngezithuba 2.200 km. Ukuma kwendawo yendlela phansi ehlukahlukene, kukhona emashalofini lwezinkalo angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini kwamanzi, kodwa zaphetha iChibi iBaikal - echibini ejulile emhlabeni. survey lokuhlola amanzi kanye acoustic ukuzwakala phansi aphethwe njalo. Ngokusho idatha yamuva waqinisekisa ka 1642 amamitha ukujula esiphezulu, nge-avareji ka amamitha angaphezu kwangu-700. I ngobukhulu amachibi ajulile-amanzi Tanganyika futhi iCaspian matasa (iCaspian Sea).

ucwaningo

Ubunjalo iBaikal has abantu njalo umxhwele ngezimpendulo zakhe sasendulo, ukwehluka futhi monumentality. Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana usuku echibini emuva ekhulwini XVI, ngaleso sikhathi, eSiberia bakhangwa abacwaningi njengoba mthombo ongashi uboya, amatshe ayigugu nezinsimbi imikhando. asemazweni Russian ethunyelwe China okokuqala isetshenziswa omkhulu "Ocean Sea" kumephu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo N. Spafarija adalule emanzini njengoba iChibi iBaikal, le zezilwane nezimila ugu yayo. Kusukela ekusungulweni Russian Academy of Sciences (1723), nge esinqumweni Petru 1 iqala cwaningo ebhekiwe kwesigubhu, property amanzi awo, imvelaphi, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Abavubukuli, izazi-mlando, folklorists, izazi zokuma komhlaba kwemvelo kukhona izifundo eyisisekelo iChibi iBaikal, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku ugcwele izimfihlakalo.

Amanzi kanye ice

Baikalskaya amanzi ayegcwele oksijini, ke yakhiwa Inani elincane organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela distilled. Entwasahlobo kuba esobala kakhulu, sihamba imisebe yelanga, has a kwe-tint okwesibhakabhaka, izinto ezitholakele ezansi kungabonwa at a 40 amamitha ukujula. I lokushisa mass amanzi iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi amanzi ukujula: izingqimba phansi ehlobo sekuqala ukufudumala kuya ⁰ C 4, ebusweni 9 ukuze + ^{0 °} C, futhi amatheku engajulile esiphezulu 15 ⁰ C. Ngenxa ukwakheka phezu semali amanzi bioplanktona iba ogqamile, ngale kuyehla kube 8 amamitha. Ice ku iChibi iBaikal, isihloko cwaningo ososayensi abaningi. Uhlonze lwalo ifinyelela 1-1.5 amamitha, lapho kuba sobala. Ezindaweni ezisogwini akhiwa emihumeni engajulile futhi afafaze, ongaphakeme lokushisa ufa ice nge isici umsindo efana nokuduma noma badutshulwe. ice abahlukile iBaikal "amagquma" kuthiwa Isigaxa emise zokwakheka letinalokubalulekile eziyize, ukuphakama yabo ongafinyelela 6 amamitha. I izimbobo zitholakala emagqumeni kude nasolwandle. Amagquma bangase bafinyelele uhlobo emikhulu noma ibekwe ngamunye ngamunye.

zokuzamazama komhlaba

ukuzamazama komhlaba engaqinile (1-2 amaphuzu) kuyagcinwa e iBaikal njalo. izinqubo Tectonic Ushintsha sendawo phansi futhi ogwini. ukuzamazama komhlaba Stronger zenzeka ngempela njalo, imiphumela yabo incike ngamandla ukundindizela. Ngo-1862, ngenxa omunye wabo nge namandla amaphuzu 10 ishintshile delta we Selenga, wangena phansi endaweni enkulu enabantu komhlaba. I last komhlaba eqoshiwe ezidlula 6 kuphawulwe 2010. Mhlawumbe izinqubo zomhlaba ezihambisana ngekukhula echibini. Ngakho, zanda minyaka yonke 2 cm.

Inflow futhi outflow

Umthamo wamanzi fresh zonke eChibini iBaikal imayelana 24 000 km ^3, inkulu kuphela yoLwandle iCaspian, kodwa okunosawoti. Sea laseSiberia bondliwa kwatheleka enkulu nemifula. Inombolo yabo eseduze kuyinto 330-340 izingcezu, kuye ngokuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Phakathi ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga entwasahlobo iqhwa inombolo emagqumeni ezungezile ukusakaza luyanda kakhulu. Ukuze misele esikhulu kunazo zonke eChibini iBaikal kukhona eMfuleni Selenga (ukuletha kwesigamu ngevolumu ziyamaniswa nokungangeni Imininingwane), Barguzin, Upper Angara, Turk, sarma, njll Ukunciphisa ivolumu kungenxa nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila ukuhwamuka kusukela chibi. Ukugeleza main kwenzeka lendlu yebhanoyi. By endleleni, lo mfula kuhilela okuningi tinganekwane izindaba. Abantu bakubiza ubuhle, indodakazi kuphela echibini elidala.

Biota

IBaikal Nature wehlukile futhi eyingqayizivele. nemithambeka Rocky embozwe ihlathi emahlozini, iziphi ugcwale inqwaba izilwane: .. Bears, izinyamazane, izimpungushe, izinkozi, njll Sekukonke, ososayensi babe mayelana 2.650 zezilwane nezitshalo, futhi 65-70% wabo engatholakali semvelo emhlabeni wonke, okungukuthi . Ziyakwazi sekuphenduke umkhuba. Ohlukile emhlabeni lwezilwane echibini ngenxa umoya-mpilo yayo ukugcwaliswa kulo lonke ukujula kanye nekhono ahlanze ngokwayo. Epishura crustacean (zooplankton), i-nerpa, bukhoma esindayo izinhlanzi golomyanka, Cisco, Sturgeon, Grayling, isipanji elingezansi yokuhlala kunikeza umbono walokho nezilwane ezihlukahlukene echibini. Ungqimba olukhulu echibini flora siqukethe ulwelwe ukuthi ziphile ezimweni ezahlukene (diatoms, igolide, oluhlaza). izingqimba Ngezansi ngisho ngesikhathi ekujuleni esiphezulu kuthiwa ugcwale ezinabantu ngokwanele, udaba eziphilayo liwumthombo ukudla kwabahlala ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngu izinkomba eziningi (yobudala, izakhiwo amanzi, ukujula, izilwane eliyingqayizivele futhi izitshalo), leli chibi isimo semvelo esiyingqayizivele embulungeni yonke, yingakho ukuvikelwa imvelo iBaikal - ingenye eziseqhulwini isimo sethu.

ngemvelo

Collision iyachuma impucuko kanye nemvelo acwebile, ngokuvamile ugcina ngokuwina emhlabeni owenziwe umuntu. engu-150 edlule kwaleli chibi babe amahlathi kuyo, lapho abahambi besaba ukuhamba ngenxa inani elikhulu namabhere. Namuhla, okukhulu kwamahlathi, nokungcoliswa kwemifula naphezu emoyeni, kanye nokuzingelwa kwezilwane kwaba usongo ukuba khona isimo semvelo esiyingqayizivele, ubunjalo iBaikal. umonakalo Kakhulu owenziwe izitshalo esisogwini olusentshonalanga nemizana esikhulu emadolobheni. Isinyathelo omkhulu ukuze asinde echibini kwaba ukuvalwa uginindela nephepha lokugaya kanye nokudlulisela iphayiphi ukuba endaweni ephephile kude endaweni. Izinga nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngu organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili ephezulu kakhulu ngenxa Selenga inflow. Industrial futhi amanzi angcolile kamasipala, uwoyela akhishwe esezansi yayo awele echibini iBaikal. Nature nokongiwa kanye nokuvikelwa isimiso semvelo okwamanje kuqhutshwa ngesisekelo umthetho federal 1999. It ulawula imisebenzi ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba afeze kuleli chibi. Cishe bonke ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye echibini ngokwayo kufanele kube inqolobane omkhulu, okuyinto uzobe ihlelwe ezimweni ophucukile ukuphumula, ezokuvakasha kanye nocwaningo ecosystem. Ngo-1996, echibini kwahlanganiswa uhlu UNESCO, t. E. Ingabe wathola isimo lesikhumbuzo, ivikelwe isintu.

ezokuvakasha

Imvelo enhle zonke eChibini iBaikal ngonyaka edonsela inani elikhulu labantu. Iyindawo ethandwa kakhulu yizivakashi kuyinto eco-tourism, izintaba kanye ukugibela ihhashi ezindaweni agodliwe e baningi kowezizwe. amafomu Active lokuzijabulisa nazo ziphoqa (Ukushushuluza, yesikebhe futhi catamarans ku iChibi iBaikal, nokunye. D.). Noma kunjalo, iningi zezihambeli ziyafika lapha ukubheka lesi simangaliso bemvelo. IBaikal njalo ezahlukene: komkhathi serene echibini usuthathelwa iziphepho, isimo sezulu eliyingqayizivele futhi ubuhle emahlathini angasogwini kungabonwa amahora. Inombolo ezikhangayo adalwe nemvelo futhi umuntu amasayithi ezinkulu abavubukuli, zamasiko nezomlando zitholakala endleleni imizila izivakashi.