Ukwakheka ngamathe womuntu

Ngamathe uketshezi esobala abangenalo umbala. Lena imfihlo nezindlala salivary ahlukaniswa ku ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Linikeza umbono ukunambitheka, lamukele, Athambisa ezokuhlafunwa ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathe alesi sinambuzane anezakhi elwa namagciwane, ahlanze ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, kuvimbela namazinyo ekulimaleni. Ngenxa yokuba khona lichaza ekwakheni uketshezi e enzyme umlomo wakho ukuqala ukugaya carbohydrate. Lesi sihloko sizosisiza ukukhuluma mayelana nesakhiwo nemsebenti amathe abantu.

Izimpawu nezindlala salivary

Lezi nezindlala esengxenyeni anterior ka ipheshana wokugaya ukudla, banendima ekuhlinzekeni isimo esihle ingaphakathi lomuntu temlomo na ngqo iqhaza enqubeni ukugaya. I nezindlala salivary kwezokwelapha zingahlukaniswa zibe ezincane nezinkulu. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa buccal, izinyo lomhlathi, labial, lingual, palatal, kodwa thina banesithakazelo kakhulu ezintweni nezindlala ezinkulu salivary, ngoba ngamathe ikakhulu elisetshenziswa kubo.

Lemigwamanda zihlanganisa sublingual uketshezi, submandibular, indlala parotid. Okokuqala, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, itholakala emphethweni sublingual ngaphansi mucosa ngomlomo. Submandibular ezansi umhlathi. I ezinkulu nezindlala parotid, ehlanganisa iyizingxenye eziningana.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kokubili elincane lelikhulu nezindlala salivary musa secrete ngamathe ngqo, zikhiqiza mfihlo ekhethekile, kanye ngamathe aba khona uma uphonsa le imfihlo ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ixubene nezinye izakhi.

ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Amathe alesi sinambuzane ezingeni pH 5.6 kuya 7.6, kantsi sicuketse loku amaphesenti 98,5 amanzi, futhi iqukethe ukulandelela izakhi, nosawoti of acid ehlukahlukene, alikhali metal cations, abanye amavithamini, lysozyme nezinye enzyme. ikhemikhali eyisisekelo Organic lichaza ekwakheni - amaprotheni zazo kuhlelwe nezindlala salivary. Ingxenye amaprotheni umsuka serum.

enzyme

Kuzo zonke izinto ezakha ngamathe womuntu, inzalo enkulu enzyme. Lokhu izinto eziphilayo kokuba umsuka proteinaceous, okuyinto akhiwa asemangqamuzaneni omzimba bese ukusheshisa yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka kuwo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enzyme ayenzeki yiziphi izinguquko kwamakhemikhali, bakhonza njengezikhonzi uhlobo kulethe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukugcina Ukwakheka yabo futhi isakhiwo kuya ngokugcwele.

Yini ama-enzyme afakiwe ukubunjwa ngamathe? The main wabo - ke maltase, Amylase, ptyalin, peroxidase, oxidase kanye nezinye izinto amaprotheni. Sinenkosi imisebenzi ebalulekile: ukukhuthaza liquefaction ukudla, ukukhiqiza kokuqala ukucutshungulwa yayo zamakhemikhali, akha bolus akhethekile izinto lwamafinyila - mucin - lisibekele kuye. Ukuyibeka kalula, ama-enzyme ayingxenye ngamathe, ukugwinya ukudla futhi lula ndima yayo zingene esiswini ngokusebenzisa kuqhoqhoqho. Kumelwe ukhumbule into eyodwa: ukudla nge ukuhlafuna evamile emlonyeni kuyinto amasekhondi amabili kuya amathathu kuphela, bese kuya esiswini, salivary enzyme kodwa ngisho nangemva lokhu baqhubeka nethonya bolus.

Ngokusho izifundo zesayensi, ingqikithi enzyme isinyathelo ukudla imizuzu engaba ngamashumi amathathu, kuze kube ngomzuzu lapho uqala ukwakha juice esiswini.

izinto Okunye lichaza ekwakheni

Iningi labantu e-ngamathe benama-antigen iqembu eqondene ezihambisana antigen yegazi. Futhi, kwaphawuleka amaprotheni ethize - phosphoprotein ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni qwembe zamazinyo tartar, futhi salivoprotein itshe esivivaneni sebethule ku abaxhumene namazinyo fosforokaltsievyh.

nengcosana ngamathe zihlanganisa i-cholesterol ne esters yayo, glycerophospholipids, khulula acid okunamafutha, amahomoni (i-estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, testosterone), namavithamini ehlukahlukene kanye nezinye izinto. Amaminelali anions le chloride, bicarbonates, iodides, phosphate, bromides, fluorides, sodium cations, magnesium, insimbi, potassium, i-calcium, i-strontium zethusi nabanye. Ngamathe, ogelezayo nokumanzisa futhi akuthanjiswanga ukudla, kuqinisekisa ukwakheka bolus futhi kwenza kube lula inqubo ukugwinya. Ukudla ngemuva impregnation is phansi imfihlo kokuqala ukwelashwa chemical kakade emlonyeni, lapho ama-carbohydrate α-Amylase, kancane hydrolyzed ku maltose futhi dextrins.

imisebenzi

kakade Senzile nemisebenzi ngamathe, kodwa manje ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe. Ngakho indlala athuthukile imfihlo, it is exutshwe nezinye izinto futhi ngamathe kwakhiwa. Kwenzekani ngokulandelayo? Ngamathe iqala ukulungiselela ukudla ukugaya okwalandela ku duodenum nasesiswini. Ngakho, ama-enzyme ngamunye kungokwalabo ukubunjwa ngamathe, ke ngesivinini kule nqubo izikhathi eziningana, eqhekeza tincenye ezincane (monosaccharides, maltose), izingxenye ezithile imikhiqizo (polysaccharides, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate).

Phakathi nocwaningo kwatholakala ukuthi, ngaphandle liquefaction ukudla ngamathe komuntu neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ahlanze mucosa ngomlomo namazinyo nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic kanye nemikhiqizo yabo umzimba. Avikelayo indima ngisho immunoglobulin, ayisiza futhi lysozyme kufakwe Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ngamathe. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi secretory we mucosa ngomlomo kuyinto humidified, futhi yisimo ezidingekile ezimbili ngendlela ukuthuthwa amakhemikhali phakathi ngamathe futhi mucosa ngomlomo.

ekushintshashintsheni ukubunjwa

Izakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa amakhemikhali izinguquko ngamathe ngokuvumelana ijubane kanye nohlobo uketshezi we lwegciwane. Ngokwesibonelo, uma usebenzisa ushokoledi, amabhisikidi, lactate anda okwesikhashana namazinga kashukela egazini e ngamathe okuxubile. Phakathi ezishukumisayo amathe uketshezi sodium lokuhlushwa kakhulu kwandisa, bicarbonates, iodine encishisiwe kancane kanye potassium. Ukwakheka ngamathe womuntu wayo ebhema kuhlanganisa izikhathi eziningana thiocyanates enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne abangabhemi.

Okuqukethwe izinto ezihlukahlukene kuyahlukahluka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile sokugembula nezifo. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ngamathe asitholayo iyehla iyenyuka nsuku zonke, futhi kuncike ubudala, isib, kwasebekhulile luyanda kakhulu amazinga calcium. Izinguquko kungase kuhlobane ukudakwa nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa eyanele. Ngakho, kukhona ukwehla elibukhali amathe ngesikhathi amanzi emzimbeni; sikashukela kwandisa umthamo glucose; esimweni uremia kwandisa okuqukethwe nitrogen asalile. Lapho kushintsha indlela yokwakheka ngamathe, nezifo zamazinyo iziyaluyalu wokugaya ukudla.

uketshezi

Ngokuvamile, ngosuku omdala zabelwe ezimbili amalitha ngamathe, izinga uketshezi kuyinto engalingani: ngesikhathi sokulala incane (imiz - esingaphansi 0.05 ngemililitha) ngaphansi sihlale siphapheme - cishe ngo 0.5 namamililitha ngomzuzu, lapho inkanuko yobulili amathe - iminithi mayelana 2.3 namamililitha ngayinye. Imfihlo esabelwe indlala ngamunye, ixubene emlonyeni e into eyodwa. uketshezi Oral (ngamathe noma okuxubile) libhekene khona microflora unomphela, ehlanganisa ama-bacterium, spirochetes, isikhunta futhi imikhiqizo yabo umzimba, kanye salivary amaseli (leukocyte ezazingontanga bafudukela singene ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ngokuyinhloko inqamula ushingamu) bese ngihlaliswa amaseli EPITHELIAL. Ukwakheka ngamathe, ngaphezu, abahlukene kusukela acinene ingaphakathi, isikhwehlela, erythrocyte.

Izici amathe

Amathe ilawulwa autonomic nesimiso sezinzwa. ayizikhungo yayo kule oblongata medulla. Lapho ukukhuthazwa eziyimpumelelo parasympathetic ukukhiqiza inqwaba ngamathe kokuba amaprotheni wokuqukethwe ongaphakeme. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushukuma nozwela kuhilela uketshezi esincane okusamanzi viscous.

Amathe encipha ngenxa yokwesaba, ukucindezeleka, ukuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni, it acishe uyama uma umuntu elele. Okhulisa ngokwahlukana kwenzeka ngaphansi isenzo zokunambitha ezishukumisa olfactory futhi ngenxa ukushukuma mechanical ezivezwa izinhlayiya ezinkulu phakathi ukuhlafuna ukudla.