Famous ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo Russian nokuthula ukuvula kubo

Wokukhuthazwa isayensi - eningi kangaka labantu abanamakhono abazinikele asesabi ngesikhathi kwakushiwo phambili umbono wakhe mayelana iphrojekthi baziqambela idivayisi entsha. esintwini waphelela zonke yeminyaka wabona eziningi eziye zatholwa ekhethekile, ezithakazelisayo futhi ebalulekile emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo. Obani laba bantu ngubani uyakhazinyuliswa Russia? Ngobani laba izazi zezinto eziphilayo adumile?

Kusukela Antiquity kuya kweleshumi XIX

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa ezidumile abakutholile beqale avele okwesikhathi eside. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, lapho ngisho aphume umbuzo for isayensi ezinjalo, kwakukhona abantu ababefuna ukuba baqonde izimfihlakalo zonke emhlabeni. Kuyinto umuntu odumile ezifana, njengoba u-Aristotle, uPliny, uDioscorides.

Biology njengoba isayensi baqala ukuvela kakhudlwana 17 leminyaka th. systematics Uvele eziphilayo azalelwa eyala ezifana microbiology, izitho zomzimba. Okuqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa anatomy: kwakukhona kuvulwa kwegazi yesibili, kwathiwa eqala ukutadisha abomvu egazi kanye nesidoda kwezilwane. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Famous wesikhathi - kungcono Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX futhi XX leminyaka - kuba esiqongweni yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha eyashintsha umhlaba. Lapho ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo odume kunabo bonke waphila ngesikhathi, bakwazi kakhulu ukushintsha inkambo isayensi. Ukubaluleka zekhulu 19-20th, ayikwazi overstated, ngoba imicabango eziyisisekelo futhi ezintsha uvele nje ngalesi sikhathi, hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, kodwa nakwezinye imikhakha yesayensi. Mhlawumbe zezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu eyayiqhutshwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa abantu ezifana Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov nezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo eziningi Russian owaziwa.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Wazalelwa 1744 e Picardy. Ngafaka phambili umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuphila emhlabeni, ngoba lokho okuthiwa eyandulela zikaDarwin. Futhi Lamarck wethula elithi "biology" futhi eyala okuqalwe ezifana kwezilwane ne-paleontology ezingenamgogodla.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Ngemva kokufa kukayise, kwaba Leeuwenhoek baqala ukusebenza evamile ingilazi polisher. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wayewenza kahle kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe, okwamsiza ukuba ukuklama ayo isibonakhulu 200 izikhathi isikhulisi. Nale ngesibonakhulu, Leeuwenhoek wathola khulula-eziphilayo eziphilayo - bacterium protists.

Futhi Usosayensi wokuqala wafakazela ukuthi igazi uketshezi nge inani elikhulu amaseli. amaseli egazi, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu abangu zavula Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov wazalwa ngo Ryazan e 1849. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sobufundisi emzini wakubo, wanquma ukuxhumanisa ezimpilweni zabo nesayensi. Usosayensi Ikusasa iziqu Academy Medico-Steel, athatha izintambo othisha buciko we nommese. Yini impumelelo izuzwe izazi zezinto eziphilayo edume kakhulu ekhulwini le-19?

umsebenzi Ucwaningo ka Pavlová yayisekelwe kwemizwa uhlelo imisebenzi. Watadisha isakhiwo zobuchopho, inqubo yokudlulisela Izinzwa amaza. Njengoba usosayensi waziphatha ucwaningo wokugaya ukudla, ngoba yena bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1904. Kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, I. P. Pavlov wake wasebenza njengesikhulu li we-Institute of Physiology we-Academy of Sciences.

Njengazo zonke izazi zezinto eziphilayo owaziwa Pavlov bachitha iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe ukuba isayensi. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-35 wayehileleka izifundo ezihlobene isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko nge izici ukuziphatha ngokwengqondo. Usosayensi waba umsunguli we ohlangothini olusha e isayensi - physiology ephakeme nomsebenzi sezinzwa. Lezi zifundo yayiqhutshelwa endaweni yokucwaninga, izibhedlela engqondo futhi Kennels okunakekelwa kwezilwane ezifuyiwe. Ngokuvamile, zonke izimo umsebenzi evamile zanikezwa nguhulumeni wase-USSR t. Ukuze. Imiphumela yocwaningo iye yasiza ekwenzeni isinyathelo esikhulu maqondana inguquko engokwesayensi emkhakheni womsebenzi kwemizwa.

UVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Russian Cishe zonke owaziwa babe bamakhemikhali oluvelele, zesayensi kanye zezibalo. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - V I. Vernadsky, esikhulu sazi, usosayensi, umcwaningi.

Vernadsky wazalwa ngo-1863 eSt. Esewuqedile Faculty of Mathematics kanye Physics Peterburg University, waqala ukutadisha izakhiwo izakhi radioactive, ukwakheka uqweqwe eMhlabeni, isakhiwo amaminerali. Ucwaningo lwakhe uye wenziwa ngomfutho ekusungulweni isiyalo entsha - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky futhi abeke phambili umbono wakhe mayelana ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Jikelele Lwamakheli lapho bonke eziphilayo siphila ndaba. Ukumbandakanywa izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile emjikelezweni solar, wahlanganisa Animate eziphilayo nezingaphili e uhlelo begazi.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Famous kwekhulu le-19 bathole okuningi emkhakheni izitho zomzimba futhi ngokuzivikela komzimba ezifweni umuntu.

Mechnikov wazalwa ngo-1845 edolobhaneni sifundazwe Ivanovka laseKharkov, wathola iziqu ngo-1862 futhi wabhalisa eSikoleni Physics and Mathematics Faculty laseKharkov University. Ngemva kokuqeda izifundo zakhe usosayensi waseyunivesithi waqala nocwaningo lwakhe emkhakheni Embryology of ezingenamgogodla.

Ngo 1882 Mechnikov wahlangana Lui Pasterom, onikela kuye umsebenzi omuhle ngesikhathi Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich sasebenza lapho iminyaka eminingana. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi yayingekhona nje wenza ambalwa okwatholwa ebalulekile emkhakheni Embryology, kodwa naye waqala ukufundelwa ezinjengokungcoliswa phagocytosis. Empeleni, Mechnikov futhi aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuthola ku leukocyte isibonelo.

Ngo-1908 usosayensi bathola uMklomelo KaNobel sokuthuthukiswa kwezokugoma nemithi. Ngokwenza ucwaningo lwakhe, lezi eyala sakwazi ukugibela ezingeni elilandelayo.

Inkemba kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wasebenza University of Paris , wafa ngemva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo eziningana.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Famous izazi zezinto eziphilayo Russian kungaba ozibongayo lokho okushiwo lokho ayekutholile. Mina yayiphumula futhi NI Vavilov - eziphilayo, isazi sezitshalo, isitshalo physiologist, isazi sezinkanyezi nesazi sokuma komhlaba.

Vavilov wazalwa ngo-1887 eMoscow. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni yayinesithakazelo lokuqoqa izitshalo, ukudweba herbarium, ukutadisha izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto. Akumangalisi ukuthi indawo yakhe ephakeme yesikhathi esizayo yokutadisha kuyoba eMoscow Agricultural Institute, lapho wakwazi ukubonisa ngamakhono abo.

Ukutholakala obaluleke kunayo Vavilov - ke ngumlayo uchungechunge homologous echaza impindamqondo sefa zezici izizukulwane eziningana zezinto eziphilayo. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi phakathi kwezinhlobo ehlobene eduze atholakala alleles ezifanayo isakhi sofuzo esisodwa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa isetshenziswa ukuzalela ukubikezela izakhiwo kungenzeka izitshalo.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Famous wasebenza hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezitshalo, anatomy, izitho zomzimba, kodwa futhi isiyalo entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, DI Ivanovsky uye waba negalelo ekuthuthukiseni Virology.

Ivanovski iziqu Petersburg University ngo-1888 e-Department of Botany. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa othisha abanamakhono, wafundiswa isitshalo zomzimba ezincane eziphilayo, owamsiza ukuthola nezincwadi okusekelwe kuzo ezitholwe zakhe esikhathini esizayo.

Dmitry I. ucwaningo yakhe ugwayi. Waqaphela ukuthi ejenti causative of ugwayi KaMose ayibonakali in the ngesibonakhulu esinamandla kakhulu futhi engakhuli ku abavamile izakhi abezindaba. Kamuva weza esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona eziphilayo umsuka noncellular ezibangela lezi zifo. Ivanovo ukubabiza amagciwane, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ibilokhu ekuqaleni kwale ngxenye biology njengoba Virology, okuyinto ehluleka ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo nabadumile ezweni.

isiphetho

Lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele lososayensi ngubani bakwazile ukugubha izifundo zakhe Russian. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa ezidumile abakutholile eziye zafaka umfutho ekuthuthukiseni izinga isayensi. Ngakho-ke, singasho kufanele ushayele ekhulwini 19-20-th esiqongweni umsebenzi yesayensi, isikhathi eminingi etholakale okukhulu.