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Kuyini isakhiwo nengqamuzana? incazelo enemininingwane
Ingabe uyazi ukuthi ukuma kwengqamuzana iyona elula? Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke lesi sihloko ukuphi.
Yikuphi isayensi study yezinyoni?
Lokhu isayensi libizwa Cytology. Kuyinto legatsha wezinto eziphilayo. Angakwazi uphendule umbuzo othi, yini isakhiwo se-lenyama cell. Futhi, lolu cwaningo uhlola nje ngokwakheka, kodwa futhi izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi esitokisini. Lokhu yeselula emishinini yokuphefumula, umzimba, ukukhiqiza kabusha i-photosynthesis. elula ukubuyabuyelela indlela - yeseli division elula. Amanye amaseli aphansi labo abazokwazi photosynthesis - ukukhiqizwa of udaba eziphilayo kusuka wezinto ezingaphili. kwezimila yeselula kwenzeka cleavage glucose. Lona umsebenzi oyinhloko carbohydrate elula kuseli. Lapho namachibi weseli yabo ingena amandla.
Bobani elula?
Ngaphambi kokucabangela umbuzo kanjani isakhiwo iseli ilula, ake sibone ukuthi lezi "izidalwa."
Ingabe izinto eziphilayo ukuthi aqukethe kuseli eyodwa. Babuye ngokuthi eukaryotes, njengoba kukhona core kangakanani ezitokisini zabo. nengqamuzana kuyafana yeseli ngendlela amaningi.
ngezigaba
Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha elula:
- ciliates;
- Radiolaria;
- Dory;
- sporozoans;
- sarkozhgutikonostsy;
- flagellates.
Abameleli beNdikimba Uhlobo lokuqala abahlala amachibi usawoti. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo Ungase futhi emhlabathini.
Spore ikakhulu emelelwa izimuncagazi yezilwane ezinomgogodla.
Radiolarians njengoba ciliates, bahlala ulwandle. Banezinhliziyo igobolondo eliqinile eyenziwe Silicon dioxide, ezinye zazo emadwaleni akhiwa.
sici Sunfish ngukutsi ukuhambisa ngosizo pseudopodia.
Sarkozhgutikonostsy futhi wasebenzisa indlela enjalo yezokuthutha. Ukuze lolu hlobo amoeba eziningi nezinye lenyama eyakhe.
Flagellates lalimelela bemikhakha ehlukahlukene eziphilayo, ezisetshenziswa for ukuhamba flagella. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-lenyama bangaphila amachibi, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziphila ngezinto esimila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu amaningi lolu hlobo zikhona emangqamuzaneni chloroplast. Lezi lenyama ngokwabo iveza kwakudingeka ukuphila izakhi ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis.
Kuyini isakhiwo nengqamuzana?
isakhiwo cell ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-plasma ulwelwesi, cytoplasm futhi ane-nucleus. Isibalo nuclei kumaseli aphansi ilingana komunye. Loku kuhlukile amaseli webhaktheriya, ezingenakho nuclei. Ngakho, ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ngamunye yezingxenye ezintathu zamangqamuzana.
Ulwelwesi plasma
Isakhiwo cell elula ngempela kusikisela ukuba khona le ngxenye. Kuyinto ubophezelekile ukunakekela homeostasis kwengqamuzana, ivikela ke emathonyeni kwemvelo. Ulwelwesi plasma siqukethe amakilasi amathathu lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids cholesterol. Yibona e nokwakheka phospholipids ulwelwesi.
I cytoplasm kuyinto: Ngabe isebenza kanjani?
Lena konke ingxenye yeseli, ngaphandle-nucleus, okuyinto ngaphakathi ulwelwesi plasma. Siqukethe hyaloplasm futhi organelles, futhi inclusions. Hyaloplasm - imvelo yangaphakathi esitokisini. Organelles olusungulwe unomphela ukuthi imisebenzi ethize, njengoba ukufakwa izakhiwo okungezona unomphela ukuthi enze ngokuyinhloko isitokwe inketho.
Isakhiwo amaseli aphansi: organelles
Kuseli, khona nje ka organelles eziningi, okuyizinto eziyizici amaseli isilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani kuya amaseli eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, amangqamuzana amaningi abe organelles ukunyakaza elula - zonke izinhlobo flagella, cilia nezinye izakhiwo. Ukuba khona zokwakheka ezifana kungaba ukuziqhayisa ezimbalwa kakhulu amaseli kwezilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi - kuphela isidoda.
By organelles ukuthi zikhona emangqamuzaneni elula kukhona mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, reticulum endoplasmic, Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amaseli futhi ezinye chloroplast aphansi, okuyizinto sici plant cells. Sakhiwo umsebenzi ngamunye wabo ethebuleni.
| organelle | isakhiwo | imisebenzi |
| mitochondria | Ifa ulwelwesi amabili: bangaphandle zangaphakathi, phakathi lapho kukhona isikhala intermembrane. Ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi has protuberances - cristae noma emikhulu. Eza futhi bonke eziyisisekelo chemical ukusabela. Kuyini ngaphakathi ulwelwesi ezimbili, ngokuthi matrix. It lezi organelles ukwethula ribosomes zabo, ukufakwa, RNA mitochondrial futhi DNA mitochondrial. | Gezi. Ngo inqubo lezi organelles emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula. |
| ribosomes | Yakhiwa subunits ezimbili. Sinenkosi ulwelwesi. Omunye subunits has ube usayizi omkhudlwana kunalokho wesibili. Ribosomes bamunye kuphela ukusebenza. Lapho organoid kodwa angasebenzi, le subunits ezimbili abahlukene. | Amaphrotheni zamagama (nqubo yokuhumusha). |
| lysosomes | Yiba ukuma oyindilinga. Sinenkosi eyodwa ulwelwesi. Ngaphakathi ulwelwesi kukhona enzyme ukuthi ezidingekayo cleavage izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi organic. | ukugaya yeselula. |
| reticulum endoplasmic | umumo ijabulise. | Ehilelekile umzimba, unesibopho lipid zamagama. |
| Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi | Isitaki amathangi disc emise. | Isetshenziselwa synthesis glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids. Lishintsha nekwehlukanisa amaprotheni. |
| chloroplast | Ifa ulwelwesi ezimbili isikhala intermembrane phakathi kwazo. I thylakoids-matrix ehlangana abe izitaki (grana lamellae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli matrix kukhona ribosomes zokuhlanganisa RNA ne-DNA. | Photosynthesis (kwenzeka thylakoids). |
| vacuoles | lenyama abaningi abahlala amanzi ahlanzekile babe vacuoles contractile (organelles nge ulwelwesi eyindilinga) | Nkinga uketshezi okweqile kusukela umzimba. |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli ebekelwa ukunyakaza elula organelles. Lokhu kungase kube flagella futhi cilia. Kuye zilwane, umzimba ungaba kokubili flagella olulodwa futhi amaningi.
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