Ezintabeni iBaikal ukusonga: izibonelo

Zonke umlando Geological Zomhlaba (iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5 ubudala) is ebiyelwe itafula amancane geochronological ihlanganiswe ososayensi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, baba aqhekeka and move amazwekazi nasolwandle zishintshile isikhundla sabo. Uma uyikha phezulu le kuyiplanethi yethu yena omisa izintaba ke acotshodiswa, bese endaweni yabo kwaphakama amabanga entsha entabeni - ngisho ezinkulu ngisho nangaphezulu.

Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu omunye kwezinkathi zokuqala ukusonga Earth - mayelana iBaikal. isikhathi esingakanani wahlala? Yikuphi izintaba wazithatha ngalesi sikhathi? Futhi ziyini ezintabeni iBaikal ukusonga - eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi?

Inkathi ukusonga Umhlaba

Lonke umlando isakhiwo entabeni eplanethini yethu lihlukaniswe ososayensi izinkathi ezivamile, nezikhathi, wazibiza alo. Sakwenza lokho ngokuyinhloko ukuze kube lula. Yiqiniso, azikho amakhefu kwetinhlavu komhlaba ayikaze.

Ingqikithi lobo emlandweni iplanethi ivelele eziyisithupha. I ukusonga endala - Archean, futhi yakamuva - Alpine esaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ngezansi kunezinye zonke ukusonga Geological Zomhlaba, ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo:

• Archean (iminyaka 4,5-1,2 billion edlule).
• IBaikal (iminyaka 1,2-0,5 billion edlule).
• Caledonian (iminyaka eyizigidi 500-400 edlule).
• Hercynian (iminyaka eyizigidi 400-230 edlule).
• Mesozoic (iminyaka eyizigidi 160-65 edlule).
• Alpine (eminyakeni million 65 edlule kuze kube namuhla).

Geomorphology izakhiwo kwakhiwa noma engu isakhiwo entabeni ibizwa ngokufanele - Baikalides, Hercynides, Caledonides etc ...

Okulandelayo thina kuthanda imininingwane ezintabeni edume kunayo iBaikal ukusonga. Sitshele ukuthi zikuphi nokuthi ukubheka ngaphandle.

nesibaya iBaikal: Uhlaka ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo nokuma izici jikelele kwenkathi

Inkathi orogeny umhlaba, amboze isikhathi lisuka ezigidini ezingu-650 ukuze 550 zeminyaka yomlando eMhlabeni Geological (Riphean - eCambria), ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iBaikal ukusonga. It waqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 1.2 edlule yaphela iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule. Inkathi Geological yethiwa iChibi iBaikal, njengoba kunjalo, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli eSiberia kwamiswa ngalesi sikhathi. Leli gama kwaze wokuqala esetshenziswa sokuma Russian Nikolai Shatsky ku-yalolucwaningo 30.

IBaikal ukusonga, alo ngenxa ukusebenza izinqubo kwezintaba-mlilo futhi granitisation e ungqimba lomhlaba, kwakheka eziningi izakhiwo ezintsha Geological emzimbeni kule planethi yethu. Njengomthetho, kwaphakama imfundo enjalo emaphethelweni amapulatifomu lasendulo.

izintaba ejwayelekile iBaikal ukusonga ingatholakala kwi insimu yase Russia. Lokhu, isibonelo, Khamar-Daban Ukhahlamba e Buryatia futhi Timan Ridge enyakatho. Bawenza kanjani ukubheka ngaphandle? Ezintabeni iBaikal ukusonga kuyoba eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi? Ake uphendule kulo mbuzo.

kanjani Baikalides

Baikalides kwamiswa kudala. Ngisho ngezindinganiso isikhathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuthi iningi labo manje lisesimweni agugile. Izigidi zeminyaka, lezi zakhiwo abangu ngaphansi denudation asebenzayo bona babhujiswa izinguquko emoyeni, kwezulu, izinga lokushisa. Ngakho, ezintabeni iBaikal ukusonga ziphansi noma alinganiselayo ukuphakama.

Ngempela, Baikalides emachibini akuvamile idlule 2000 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Lokhu kungenziwa kalula kubonakala uma siqhathanisa amabalazwe ngokomzimba futhi zomhlaba Zomhlaba. On the amabalazwe Geological futhi zomhlaba yezintaba iBaikal ukusonga, njengoba umthetho, abashe onsomi.

Nokho, Baikalides lasendulo ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba ziye kancane wasimama (ngezicabha) kamuva alpine ukunyakaza zomhlaba. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka eCaucasus naseTurkey.

Nge izakhiwo Geological we iBaikal ukusonga kakhulu liphathelene izinqolobane abalulekile izinsimbi non-ayoni. Ngakho, phakathi kwabo ahlelwe imali ecebile mercury, ithini, zinc, nethini.

Ezintabeni iBaikal ukusonga: izibonelo

zokwakheka Geological walonyaka atholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ziyakwazi eRussia futhi Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkey, India, France ne-Australia. Baikalides esisogwini ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu kancane insimu yase-Brazil.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi igama elithi "iBaikal alo" kuvamile kuphela nezincwadi zesayensi isikhala post-Soviet. Kwamanye amazwe, le nkathi libizwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, e-Europe ke ngesikhathi zivumelana Kadoma futhi ukusonga Assyntian, Australia - Luinskaya, Brazil - Brazilian igama elifanayo.

Phakathi ERussia Baikalides edume kakhulu kubhekwa geomorphology isakhiwo:

• Eastern Sayan.
• Khamar-Daban.
• IBaikal Mountains.
• Yenisei Ridge.
• Timan Ridge.
• Patom Highlands.

IBaikal ezintabeni alo in Russia. iBaikal Izintaba

Igama lalesi zokhahlamba kuyinto ungwaqa nge igama okuqinisekile esiwuhlolayo orogeny. Ngakho-ke, siyoqala main isici Baikalides Russia.

IBaikal Izintaba Umncele indishi Lake kusukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga ohlangothini. It lingaphakathi esifundeni sase-Irkutsk kanye Buryatia. Ubude ingqikithi ugema ingamakhilomitha angu-300.

Enyakatho isakhiwo Geological uyaqhubeka ezibukwayo Ridge Akitkan. Ukuphakama isilinganiso lokhu Baikalides isukela phakathi 1800-2100 amamitha. Iphuzu esiphezulu ugema - the Cherskogo phezulu (2588 m). Le ntaba ibizwa ogama lakhe behlonipha isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili, owanikela ngomnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni ubunjalo iBaikal esifundeni.

empumalanga Sayan Izintaba

Eastern Sayan Izintaba - kwekulu zokhahlamba e iningizimu yeSiberia, elula cishe eyinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Mhlawumbe enamandla kakhulu phakathi Baikalides Russia. Iphuzu esiphezulu ifinyelela 3491 imitha East Sajana (Intaba Munch-Sardyk).

East Sayans sakhiwa ngokuyinhloko kanzima crystalline rock - gneiss, quartzite, amphibolite namatshe amhlophe amaningi. Ngo ekujuleni yayo wathola ezifakwa eliningi, bauxite futhi graphite. Wacabangela iqhubezela enhle kakhulu esempumalanga zokhahlamba, babiza yizivakashi Tunkinskie Alps.

I amaningi asethuthukile (ngokuya orographic) East Sajana ingxenye emaphakathi. Siqukethe okusezingeni eliphezulu massifs entabeni, izimpawu izimila subalpine futhi landscape hlobo. Ngaphakathi e-Eastern Sayan kurums okwandile. Lena indawo enkulu imali itshe, ehlanganisa izingcezwana indawo yamadwala letingemasayizi lahlukene.

entabeni Byrranga

Byrranga - omunye ezintabeni ezithakazelisayo ngaphezulu iBaikal ukusonga. Basuke esisogwini Peninsula, enyakatho Taimyr. Izintaba kukhona uchungechunge emikhulu ngazinye, emathafeni inamagquma futhi Amathafa, emihosheni ejulile futhi ezimangelengele wokuxovela wezigodi. Ubude ingqikithi zokhahlamba - mayelana 1,100 amakhilomitha.

"Kukhona umbuso imimoya emibi, itshe, ice futhi akukho okunye" - ngakho wabhala ngalezi zindawo Nganasans, abameleli omunye bemdzabu yeSiberia. Eyokuqala esikuyi le ezintabeni Byrranga wamazwe Russian Alexander Middendorf.

Lezi ezintabeni liphansi kakhulu. Nakuba Babukeka pretty umxhwele njengoba itholakala khona olwandle. ukuphakama enkulu yama iphuzu elingamamitha 1146 kuphela. Impumuzo lokhu zokhahlamba wehlukile kakhulu. Lapha ungabona emithambekeni emaweni futhi emnene, iphakama flat kanye ezicijile, kanye ezihlukahlukene enkulu kuba neqhwa.

Yenisei kanye Timan Ridge

Baikalides ajwayelane Russia, sizoqeda incazelo emikhulu emibili - Yenisei futhi Timan. Eyokuqala itholakala ngaphakathi Central laseSiberia Plateau , futhi kuphela kwezinye izindawo, engaphezu kwenkulungwane ubude. Yenisei Ridge eziyinkimbinkimbi lasendulo futhi kanzima kakhulu rocks - conglomerates, shales, sandstones kanye izicupho. Isakhiwo amumethe insimbi bauxite negolide.

Timan Ridge iseningizimu enyakatho yezwe. Ibanga ukusuka oLwandle uBarents ngasogwini futhi eduze eziNtabeni Zase-Ural. Ubude ingqikithi zokhahlamba - mayelana 950 km. Boules uzwakalise wavuma impumuzo. Iningi ephakanyiswe ingxenye APC, okuyinto iphuzu esiphezulu - itshe Chetlassky (ukuphakama m 471 kuphela). Njengazo zonke isakhiwo iBaikal ukusonga, Timan Ridge amumethe amaminerali (titanium, bauxite, ne-agathe, njll).