Formula toluene: yini toluene, futhi kanjani it?

Arena, okuhlanganisa toluene, kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento nemikhiqizo ye Umsunguli ilungu lokuqala chungechunge homologous - benzene. Ifomula jikelele compounds okungokwendlela lesi sigaba, - C _n H _2N-6. Ngo-molecule hydrocarbon elimnandi equkethwe benzene indandatho (ring core). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ ibonisa izinto fanele kuze lo xuku esikhulu ka organic compounds. ngaphansi kwamagama ehlukene Abaningi toluene waziwa - methylbenzene. Ingqikithi busakazeke e umkhakha, isetshenziswa njengoba uketshezi eziphilayo, futhi ibala remover ezinye izinjongo.

Kuyini toluene?

Omunye lamaNazaretha ezibalulekile - toluene - kuyinto esuselwe methyl ka-benzene. amanzi-zingaxazululeki ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle possesses yiphunga elimnandi okusikhumbuza opende, lacquers, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi.

Chemical ifomula toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - ingabhalwa ehlukile: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Kulesi simo, kuma-athomu e ayiguquki kodwa ngokungafani ngokuphawulekayo kusukela benzene, okuyinto olukhulu - methyl.

Ukusebenzisa amanye nemigomo yeNhlangano ngesilwane esifuywayo, kwakwakhe libizwa methylbenzene futhi fenilmetanom. Lona toluene esifanayo, ifomula jikelele C ₇ H _8. Endabeni wangaphambili igxila iqiniso lokuthi omunye hydrogen atom kulezo elihlobene ne-carbon iringi benzene singena esikhundleni ngumuntu methyl olukhulu. Ukuze igama lesibili ekhethiwe indlela ehlukile. Kukholakala ukuthi i-methane eyodwa hydrogen indawo a phenyl olukhulu. Lokhu kuyizinhlayiyana, okuyinto iguqulwe-benzene, enikeza athomu ye-hydrogen.

ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Ukwakheka udaba eziphilayo, ehlanganisa kuphela carbon futhi ama-athomu ye-hydrogen, ibonisa toluene ifomula. Sharosterzhnevye nevolumu onobuhle ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi isakhiwo se-molecule enkompolo, ohlukile izinto yochungechunge efanayo homologous. Kukhona ukufana okukhona phakathi toluene futhi benzene, okuyinto khona aletha 6 carbon athomu, esimweni sp ² hybridization. Ngayinye yalezi izibopho amafomu ezintathu sigma izinhlayiya angomakhelwane (ama-athomu amabili-carbon futhi omunye hydrogen). indandatho perpendicular kwenzeka olulodwa uhlelo electronic ezisele ze-non-hybrid p-orbitals (owodwa ama-athomu eziyisithupha carbon). Umphumela iba namandla abalulekile futhi ukuzinza lonke umjikelezo, futhi kungakho toluene izidakamizwa. Ifomula kwesakhiwo kuhlanganisa compounds carbon ongowesikhombisa kusukela iqembu methyl, elikwaziyo SP ³ hybridization. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso ama-athomu amathathu e-hydrogen, futhi uxhumano wesine uchitha kwakwakhe nomunye carbon esiyingini benzene.

Bezakhiwe ifomula methylbenzene

I kwabantu electron phakathi kwama-athomu carbon ukuthi yakha iringi elimnandi, kwasakazwa ngokulinganayo. Lo mkhuba kubonakala e Formula-benzene, toluene, nezinye ajwayelekile lamaNazaretha aromaticity (obungazungeza tetifundvo). Kuyaqapheleka futhi nokuba khona methyl olukhulu kwelinye athomu carbon-nucleus. Ukuxhumana phakathi zonke izinhlayiya zikhonjiswa kolayini. Ifomula ezihlelekile Kulokhu ibonisa ukwakheka kanye izici eziyisisekelo ukwakheka kwama-molecule ye ndaba.

Lula toluene ifomula - ne indandatho ngaphakathi iheksagoni noma amadeshi, luyisibopho double. Iqembu methyl kungaba kunoma iliphi nuclei eziyisithupha athomu, zingabantu ulingana nomunye. Ububi le ndlela isithombe esicacile. Irekhodi alikho kuhlinzeke imininingwane ngokufinyelela kwi ukubunjwa ndaba kanye kulingana emiholweni yabo bonke izibopho carbon-carbon esiyingini.

Ukuthola methylbenzene endaweni yokucwaninga futhi umkhakha

Endaweni yokucwaninga, i-toluene yaqale etholwe eminyakeni 1835-1938 P. Pelletier futhi A. DeVille. Ososayensi ngowokuqala ziphuzo zazihluzwa zikaphayini gum, kanti eyesibili esetshenziswa tolu ebhalsamu ekhishwe South America isihlahla Toluifera eColombia. Ngakho kwakukhona igama ovamile for the izidakamizwa - toluene. Okwamanje inani elikhulu methylbenzene unika ziphuzo zazihluzwa of petroleum namalahle itiyela, kulandele inqubo yokuhlanzwa. Ngo inqubo coking, toluene esuswa le coke igesi kuhhavini. Ngo synthesis styrene ikhishwe njengoba ovela eceleni of ukusabela benzene futhi ethylene. Esikhathini laboratory kanye umkhakha ethola toluene olwenziwa izindlela ezehlukene.

1. Dehydrocyclization ka hydrocarbon acyclic. Toluene yalungiswa kusukela heptane ebukhoneni kulethe ezingeni lokushisa 300 C °.
2. Alkylation ka-benzene, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i Friedel-yezandla ukuphendula. Kwenziwe khona AlCl3 kulethe noma ezinye yelikhono: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Ukuxoxa bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -BR + -BR + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Ukuxuba zinc kanye cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Icubungula toluenesulfonic acid.

Izakhiwo methylbenzene

Toluene, ifomula isakhi equkethe i-nucleus ye-benzene, liveza izindawo ngokomzimba ukuthi ayisibonelo salezi ezinuka kamnandi.

1. Esobala inki ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle likhipha iphunga.
2. Methylbenzene Uqinisa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi bese eqala ukugcwala amanzi at -93 ° C.
3. I abilayo toluene kuyinto 110,63 ° C. izidakamizwa ukuminyana - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene solubility emanzini ezingeni lokushisa 20 ° C - 0,47 g / l. mass izinyo lomhlathi we ketshezi M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / Mol.

I chemical izakhiwo toluene: namachibi

Properties of lamaNazaretha zinqunywa umjikelezo esitebeleni amakhemikhali zama-athomu eziyisithupha carbon. Formula toluene - kuyinto indandatho benzene okuyinto unsaturated ngokusemthethweni futhi methyl olukhulu. hydrocarbon elimnandi ngezakhiwo efana alkenes, izimpawu ukusabela kwalokho. Nokho, ama-athomu ye-hydrogen ku-molecule ye-benzene futhi homologues yayo bangahlanganyela esikhundleni ukusabela, okuletha enkundleni futhi alkanes. Toluene kuyinto esisheshayo ezingaphezu kuka-benzene. Ukuze uthole ejwayelekile namachibi ukuphendula ejenti.

1. Burning, okuyinto kuhambisana ukukhululwa kwe-carbon dioxide futhi kumiswa amanzi: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Ngo ukusabela toluene nge potassium permanganate oxidizes amaqembu methyl ohlangothini uchungechunge engqamuzaneni ukuze carboxyl izidakamizwa. Basabela kanjani benzoic acid is eyatholakala.

Ukusabela Chemical toluene nucleus elimnandi

1. Bromination, esiqhutshwa ebukhoneni yelikhono. kwakhiwa impahla Halogenated is: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration Kwenziwa nenye nitric kanzulu acid sulfuric. Iqembu nitro e toluene kungaba hlala Ortho kanye para isikhundla. Ukusabela okuphuma ngokuvumelana mshini esikhundleni electrophilic. , Kwamiswa trinitrotoluene (TNT) le kuqhume is ashisa kakhulu.
3. Hydrogenation hydrogen ku ekwandeni kuholela ukulungiswa dearomatization futhi methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination nge Ukushisa eyingqabavu noma imisebe ye-UV bagcwalise ifomu hexachlorocyclohexane.

methylbenzene Isicelo

Toluene is kabanzi njengendlela material eluhlaza e zamagama organic. He is i material ebalulekile emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izinto eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa toluene:

• ukuthola udayi;
• yokukhiqiza ibala removers, insipho nomjuluko;
• Ukwakha iziqhumane TNT;
• zisebenzisa anamathelayo njengoba kuphela, upende, zokwenziwa amakha wokuhlanza ejenti;
• ukukhiqizwa upende ukuze kwakhiwe imisebenzi;
• okukhipha yezipikili;
• imithi;
• okwandisa fuel octane;
• organic zamagama benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, Gcoba i-Benzyl chloride, saccharin, Gcoba i-Benzyl utshwala kanye nezinye izinto;

Izenzo toluene njengenhlangano kuphela lezimboni ezomile yokuhlanza umkhakha, isetshenziswa ukushuka izikhumba. Kuyinto kuyisandulela eziningi imikhiqizo uwoyela, phenol, formaldehyde, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

toluene ubuthi

Methylbenzene izidakamizwa iyingozi umlilo. Ingxube umusi emoyeni Kuqhuma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Toluene kuyinto uketshezi oluvutha kalula. Ifomula kwesakhiwo kunikela umqondo wokuthi ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo, kodwa ayiqukethe ulwazi imithelela izinto ezikhuluma ngomzimba womuntu. Litholakala ukuthi toluene kuyinto anobuthi, isenzo umdlavuza. Imibhangqwana methylbenzene kalula zingene ngesikhumba, umgudu wokuphefumula, zibangela ushintsho esimweni isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, ukucasuka ijwabu isembozo, dermatitis. Lapho evala imuncwe ka toluene kubantu ivela ukucobeka, ukundindizela, umsebenzi kahle we-apharathasi vestibular. Sebenza toluene, upende, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi badinga ukugqoka amagilavu iraba, kahle pholisa igumbi noma asebenzise kwenzakalani. Methylbenzene ibuthakathaka izidakamizwa kwezidakamizwa, kubangela toluene kwezidakamizwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zokungabi umthelela ongemuhle imfuyo;

• ukuluma kwamehlo futhi ukuphazamiseka imibala;
• ukuchayeka eside kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa;
• emakamu eliphezulu egazini kubangela ukulimala kwesibindi, izinso necrosis;
• Inhalation of semali umusi kuholela isiyezi, ukozela, ikhanda.

isiphetho

Toluene is ngobuningi ezitshalweni Petrochemical noma etholwe njengendlela izitshalo leyavela coke. Egcekeni sisetshenziselwa izinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa for ezinkulu zamagama organic esetshenziswa embonini eyenza imithi. methylbenzene Kufaka ka izinhlobo eziningi izihlanzi, ezisetshenziswa ukusebenza upende. Toluene libhekisela Ukwahlukaniswa compounds ezinobuthi ezingaba yingozi III class of ingozi. Lapho ukusebenza into lokuhlushwa umusi in emoyeni kumele singeqi ukuthi iziqondiso uzimisele sanitary. Asikwazi ukuvumela nokusingatha toluene ukubukeka evulekile amalangabi, izinhlansi kungase kubangele ukwanda. Kukhona futhi ezemvelo ezihambisana ukukhululwa toluene emkhathini:

• ovuthayo uwoyela, zokubasa ezahlukene;
• e nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo;
• e ukusha kwamahlathi;
• usebenzisa imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani nopende.

I izakhiwo ezinobuthi of toluene, umlilo kanye nokuqhuma izingozi zidinga zokuqapha ukwelashwa ketshezi izidakamizwa futhi umusi walo.