I incazelo yegama elithi "emhumeni Karst." Kuyini lokhu?

Uyini umqondo wamagama "emhumeni Karst"? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la izindawo ezinhle zemvelo? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zingatholakala kulesi sihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakhu uhlu omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni emihumeni (isithombe izimbotshana ngomshoshaphansi ngendlela ungabona). Kwenzeka inqaba, iningi labo elise-United States.

Umgede - ke ... Okwakushiwo amazwi "emhumeni Karst"

Lezi izimbotshana komhlaba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wakhonza njengephayona ikhaya izilwane nabantu lasekuqaleni. Bona wabafihla kusukela izilwane ezidla ezinye abandayo futhi zasendle. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi emihumeni atholakele hhayi kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa the Moon, Mars. Thola i-ekuqaleni incazelo yegama elithi "emhumeni Karst."

Lokhu ibinzana yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili: "emhumeni" futhi "kras".

• Umgede - yiliphi ingaphakathi emgodini odabuka yemvelo.
• Karst - kokubili inqubo nemiphumela Ukuwohloka (nokonakala) yamadwala ezithile nolaka (amakhemikhali ukwakheka) komhlaba.

Igama elithi "Karst" lisuselwe kwelesiLatini elithi German noma Karst, noma igama ithafa eSlovenia (Kras), lapho lezi zemvelo kukhona namandla ngokukhethekile.

Kuyini emhumeni Karst?

Lolu hlobo emihumeni yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye izimbotshana ngomshoshaphansi. Kuyini emhumeni Karst futhi kwakhiwa kanjani?

Kunezincazelo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngokwenhlolo-lokuqala, umgodi yemvelo (uyize) ku uqweqwe engenhla, okuyinto ehlangene yayo ebusweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu imibono. Ngokwe-definition yesibili, lalingumhume Karst - i ingaphakathi komhlaba odabuka yemvelo, okungasekelwe zikhanyiswa ilanga, kodwa iyatholakala Ukungena kulo kwabavela ngaphandle.

Lolu cwaningo imigede ukwenza isayensi ekhethekile - uvumele, indaba for okuhlale ezivezwa okuthiwa speleotourists.

Njengoba kwakhiwa emihumeni?

Lolu hlobo emihumeni ezakhiwe izinqubo exogenous, okungukuthi ngenxa kuqedwa amanzi edwaleni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emihumeni abakhona kuphela labo izingxenye zomhlaba lapho amanga emadwaleni engazinzile, okuyinto kalula ziyoncibilika ngamanzi. Phakathi kwabo - Gypsum, nosawoti, wokulinganisa (kaolin), dolomite, zemabula namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

Okubi nakakhulu abanye wabhubhisa limestone namatshe amhlophe amaningi. Caves kulezi rocks kwakhiwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baye basinda kulokho bangcono kunabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, Gypsum emihumeni zivame ukugoqwa futhi sidilike.

Indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni izimbotshana komhlaba udlala hhayi kuphela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini (kufanele lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide lenyuke), kodwa futhi khona imifantu emaqaqasini umhlaba kanye waphuka enwetshiwe. Ngokuvamile kukhona imigqa isikhungo kanye okuyinto emihumeni nasemigodini kwakhiwa.

Iningi emihumeni wafunda - uhlobo esifuze uhlelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi ushiye imininingwane izimbotshana ngomshoshaphansi. Noma kunjalo, kwaba yena okhonza lo umqophi esakha kwangaphakathi "microrelief" emhumeni. amanzi Underground ocebile sulfate kanye carbonates, kubeka kubo ezindongeni, phansi futhi vaults izimbotshana ngomshoshaphansi. Lokho futhi kwakhiwa lokho esikubiza ngokuthi elilengayo futhi stalagmites. Isikhathi esining impela, lezi neziqu baba amafomu ongaziwa futhi yinqaba, okuyinto ebumnyameni bheka ezingajwayelekile nakakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu emihumeni

Ngokusho indlela leli genesis (ukwakheka) isehlane, ngaphandle Karst, ngisho zomhlaba, izintaba-mlilo, ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye ice emhumeni.

ingaphakathi Underground futhi kuhlukaniswe ngosayizi (okusekelwe obuphelele Imininingwane nokujula) kanye nohlobo edwaleni lapho akhiwa. Ngakho, kukhona emihumeni:

• limestone;
• Gypsum;
• umcako;
• usawoti;
• Nasemigedeni conglomerates nokunye.

Top 5 emihumeni ende kunazo zonke iplanethi

Abane ezinhlanu emihumeni ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni zitholakala e-US, kungenye - e-Ukraine.

Mammoth Umgede (mayelana 630 km) - waqopha emhumeni uhlelo Zomhlaba. Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-limestone iminyaka engu-10 izigidi ezingu edlule. Minyaka yonke ubude emhumeni ukhula njengoba cavers entsha ayohlola imihubhe yayo.

Jewel Umgede (257 km) - itholakala South Dakota, eduze kwedolobha Custer. sici laso eliyingqayizivele kukhona calcite zinhlayiya zazo camera nge izindonga awugqinsi izindinyana ngomshoshaphansi.

Umgede nethemba (231 km) - a multi-level uxhaxha inethiwekhi e-Ukraine (in the Ternopil esifundeni), enkulu kunazo zonke uhlelo komhlaba e-Eurasia. Kwakheka ku ukhonkolo.

Umoya Umgede (217 km) - esinye isimangaliso American endalo, lawo liyaziwa amaphethini yayo phezu yayinamakhothamo, kepha efaniswe lezinyosi.

Lechuga Umgede (207 km) - Gypsum emhumeni e-United States (New Mexico), lwentando okuyizinto engavamile "ayebuthaka" wezemfundo, sifinyelela phezulu 5-6 amamitha amabili ububanzi.

isiphetho

Awu, manje wazi incazelo yegama elithi "emhumeni Karst." Kuyinto ngalo ingaphakathi komhlaba odabuka yemvelo, okuyinto has eyodwa noma ngaphezulu Izitolo phezu. Zonke cavers emihumeni ihlukaniswa ngosayizi, lo mshini nesisekelo, kanye emadwaleni lapho obutholakala (kwakhiwa).