Unyaka yokudala ngokuthi 'Iqiniso Russian ". Isethi kwemithetho Yaroslava Mudrogo

"Iqiniso Russian" kwaba egumbini lokuqala umthetho eRussia. Ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, le dokhumenti kwaba umthombo wokwaziswa owusizo mayelana ukuphila ngalezo zinsuku. Yonke imithetho okwalandela zazisekelwe imibono yakhe "Russian Iqiniso".

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la "Russian Nangeqiniso"

Ajwayelekile kithi igama elithi "iqiniso" esikhathini Yaroslava Mudrogo akuyona kuphela iqiniso. okushiwoyo ngaleso sikhathi - kungcono umthetho nezimiso. Yingakho isethi lokuqala imithetho wabiza "Iqiniso Russian" (unyaka kusungulwa - 1016). Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, sonke amadokhumenti omthetho zazisekelwe zokuziphatha abangamaqaba, futhi kamuva - ku-Church of the inkolo WaseByzantium.

Imithetho "Russian Iqiniso" kwakufanele avele ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, refereeing eRussia ngaleso sikhathi lalinabashumayeli kwamaGreki nabalimi South lwamaSlav. They cishe babengakujwayele amasiko wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo Russian. Okwesibili, ubudala Russian amasiko nemithetho equkethwe umthetho yobuqaba. Lena akuyona kuhambisana entsha yokuziphatha, sisekelwe eenkambisweni emisha yenkolo. Ngakho-ke, ukwethulwa kwe-isikhungo yezinkantolo zenkolo ukwamukelwa kobuKristu yizona zici eziyinhloko ezenza esungulwe kunemithetho elotshwe. Yingakho "Iqiniso Russian" savela ngaphandle kweqhaza ubukhulu. Kodwa yomthetho yesonto wenza asebenzayo umsunguli wale dokhumenti esiyingqayizivele.

Indawo, okuyinto kuqala yakhulula i- "Russian Iqiniso", le mpikiswano iqhubeka. Abanye abacwaningi bathi kwaba eNovgorod, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kwenzekeni eKiev.

isifinyezo

Ngeshwa, "Russian Iqiniso", umbhalo ezazihlanganisa sihloko zomthetho ku lobugebengu, commercial, ifa umthetho, kwavele izinguquko. Futhi isethulo kokuqala liyalondolozwa ukuze izinsuku zethu.

Unyaka yokudala ngokuthi 'Iqiniso Russian ", ngokusho kwezazi-mlando isitatimende, 1016-th. Nakuba kungekho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa kusukela abacwaningi abakwazi ukunikeza. Kuze 1054 yonke imithetho zathathwa encwadini ekuthatheni isinyathelo Yaroslava Mudrogo. Yayiqukethe izihloko zomthetho eziphathelene okulandelayo:

• komthetho ophathelene nokwelelesa;
• umsebenzi inkantolo;
• isimo senhlalo yezakhamuzi.

Isakhiwo "Iqiniso Russian"

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi unyaka ka-ukudalwa "Russian Iqiniso" - 1016-d, kuze kube manje selifinyelele omunye amakhophi abo, obhekisela 1280. Kuyinto ikhophi endala ezitholakala namuhla. Futhi ukunyathelisa Umbhalo wokuqala uvele 1738 sibonga mlando Russian V N. Tatischevu.

"Iqiniso Russian 'linenani zokubukwa ongakhetha:

• lemfisha;
• eside;
• esifushanisiwe.

Ngowokuqala ngqa wabo - yisona version endala.

Le nguqulo emfushane, 4 idokhumenti. Babeka izihloko 43. Basuke ababeshisekela amasiko kazwelonke eRussia, kuhlanganise amasiko amadala ezifana legazi umbango. Futhi kule "iqiniso" we imithetho ebekwa lokukhokha inhlawulo, nokuthi kufanele ukushaja. Kulokhu, isijeziso wayezimisele ngesisekelo isimo social okonile. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we ukungabi yenchubomgomo umahluko ukuzimisela inhlawulo.

Ngo inguqulo ephelele "Russian Iqiniso", umbhalo has izihloko mayelana 121, iqukethe izimiso Yaroslava Mudrogo futhi uVladimir Monomakh. Le ndlela ngokuthi "Pravda Olubanzi". Lapha ngokucacile kuchazwe ukuthi zinikwe inkululeko amalungelo amakhosi asendulo, angeke kushiwo mayelana menials. Article ichaza ubuhlobo zomthetho ekunqumeni amalungelo endawo kunoma iyiphi impahla, ukudluliselwa zakhe zofuzo basayine izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene. Kulesi samuntu, imithetho vaults zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso izinkantolo zenkolo civil lokujezisa.

"Ukunciphisa izinga Weqiniso"

Le nguqulo yakamuva, okuyinto ngokuphelele ezakhiwe phakathi nekhulu le-15. It yadalwa ngesisekelo "Pravda Olubanzi".

Bekungeke ikhodi yomthombo yokuqala yomthetho, ungabi isisekelo indalo yayo. Kulokhu, la imithombo futhi baba "Yiqiniso Brief" futhi "Pravda Olubanzi".

Ubugebengu Ziyisijeziso

Grand Prince Yaroslav Mudry , namadodana akhe wabeka imithetho ukuze kufanele siphile, baye bhalisiwe zonke izijeziso kungenzeka ngamacala ahlukahlukene.

I eseyintsha ukuthi ngokwezifiso uyekwa ngaphansi kwegama "Vendetta". Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwenziweni kulowo nyaka, "Iqiniso Russian", futhi ngemva kwesikhashana. Ukuze ukubulala kwakumelwe bahlangabezane ngaphansi komthetho.

Kulokhu, isikhulu wasondela izikhulu ngokwabo lagwetshwa okuthambile kunabantu ngaphandle "umndeni, noma isizwe."

Izinhlawulo ngamacala amaningi, kuye kwamiswa. Ukuze ukwephulwa sina isijeziso sasiqinile. Umkhaya ungase dingisa ne icala kwalesi sigodi futhi impahla sithathiwe. Lezi izinhlawulo isicelo bayahlukunyezwa, ukweba amahhashi.

Isici esibalulekile isinqumo inkantolo ikhokhwe nofakazi. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu "posluhi".

Document ehlukanisiwe ukubulala engahlosile. It agcinwayo isigwebo sokufa. Inhlawulo kwamiswa amahlelo ahlukahlukene yemali.

"Russian Iqiniso" ithola oda izinkantolo: kulokho endaweni kufanele, abahlanganyela kuyo, elizoquketha izigebengu futhi kufanele yahlulelwe kanjani.

Inani idokhumenti wesimanje

Unyaka yokudala ngokuthi 'Iqiniso Russian "ayikwazi ngokuthi ngokucacile. Yena njalo kulekelelwa. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu, incwadi kubaluleke kakhulu mlando ukutadisha okuqinisekile ka Yaroslava Mudrogo, futhi ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo. Phela, uma igcinwe ulwazi kangaka ezithakazelisayo mayelana esigabeni sokuqala ekuthuthukiseni Kievan Rus.

Amagama amaningi emthethweni yesimanje Ziningi enibaziyo idokhumenti wezomthetho kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, "uyisigebengu": ku "Russian Iqiniso" umbulali okuthiwa "golovnik" wabulawa idokhumenti ebizwa ngokuthi "ekhanda".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho "Iqiniso Russian" zisinikeza amazwibela ngokuphila we ubukhulu nabantu abavamile ngaleso sikhathi. Kukhona kubonakala kahle ukuphakama lesigaba esibusayo phezu serfs nezinceku. Kwaba kuhle ngenxa ubukhulu ukuthi Russian Pravda sihloko asetshenziswe amaqoqo elisha elingokomthetho ukuze ngekhulu le-15.

esikhundleni temkhakha "Iqiniso" kwaba Sudebnik Ivan III, eyakhishwa ngo 1497. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi esiye sashintsha indlela ubudlelwano obusemthethweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuzo zonke asenkantolo okwalandela kwakhiwa kuphela "Russian Iqiniso".