Ecosystem. ecosystem isakhiwo, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo

Njengoba abantu abahlala ezindlini kanye zokuhlala, kanye nemvelo has ezehlukile yayo kusukela olunye uhlelo. Awavikelekile futhi kungashiwo ukuba bazibuse. Zibizwa ngokuthi imvelo zihlanganisa eziphilayo eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele atitfobe imithetho ethile. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola yini semvelo: umqondo, isakhiwo, injongo. Futhi ukuthi ziqukethe.

Umcabango

Iqoqo eziphilayo ndawonye endaweni ethile kanye uxhumana nomunye noma ngenye indlela, igama elithi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo". Lo mqondo kwahlongozwa ngo-1935 yi-usosayensi oyiNgisi A. Arthur Tansley. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela izifundo ngobudlelwane eziphilayo nokuthuthukiswa zabo ezivamile. By endleleni, lapho kubhekwa omunye wabasunguli kwale sayensi, ngesimiso semvelo, elibhekene nomse- isifundo ngalokho semvelo. ecosystem isakhiwo emelelwa izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: biocoenosis futhi biotope. Ngaphansi likhuluma okokuqala eziphilayo ngokwabo nobudlelwano bawo, futhi ngaphansi yesibili - kule ndawo. Njengomthetho, ku-ecosystem abathintekayo isethi ephelele izidalwa eziphilayo namagciwane ukuze izilwane ephakeme. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi, wonke umphakathi zilingana, ukuthi, yephukile, uyalulama futhi, ilunga ngalinye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu.

biogeocoenosis

Ukuqoqwa ezinye izingxenye ukuthi ukuxhumana amandla futhi uyakwazi ucishe khona ezizimele, - eziphilayo. ecosystem isakhiwo izitshela ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinkulu: bacterium, izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta. Kodwa ezinye zazo kungenzeka ukuthi ingabi khona. Kulesi simo, kunengqondo ukwehlukanisa lona umqondo kusukela biogeocoenose. Leli gama lisikisela umphakathi lapho kukhona zonke izingxenye ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, biotic ecosystem isakhiwo kungafaka phakathi umhlanganyeli eyodwa kuphela, isibonelo, ama-bacterium kuphela. Lesi simo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni imiphakathi kwakhiwa, isibonelo, ngesisekelo isilwane izidumbu. Ngakho, semvelo kanye biogeocoenosis - ayilona, ngoba yokugcina ngumqondo ebanzi. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngokuvamile badidekile.

Ukwahlukanisa nokuhlelwa kwezinhlangano

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi zihlukaniswe kokushesha ecosystem phakathi kwabo, futhi babe nentshisekelo isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi. Izindlela ezahlukene kanye amaphuzu umbono sihlanganise ukunikeza isithombe sasivumela ephelele, okuvumela ukuba sicabangele isici ngasinye. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngokwakhiwa isetshenziswa njengoba nenqubo: amandla umsebenzi uhlobo oluthile lwento ephilayo, indawo abahlanganyeli. Yiqiniso, kubalulekile ukucabangela ebaluleke kakhulu yezinto ngaphezulu, ngoba kwemvelo ecosystem isakhiwo ngaphandle ukukhuluma, isibonelo, ukubunjwa yayo, akunangqondo.

Ngokuqondene ukuhlukana phakathi imiphakathi ngokuvamile umbandela eyinhloko naphakathi oqavile. Esinye isici esibaluleke iyona engokwemvelo yomsuka nonekhono ukusebenza nokugcinwa ezizimele. Lapha kakade sikhuluma ngokuyinhloko mayelana kokungenela ku ubunjalo isici womuntu, okuyinto futhi linengqondo ukuhlonza kabanzi, kodwa kamuva.

umsebenzi

Ecosystem isakhiwo trophic okuhlukanisa eziphilayo iqhaza kulo ngohlobo ukudla. Ngokusho umjikelezo we ndaba emvelweni, lutho ethathwa isibhakabhaka, futhi awukwazi nje zinyamalale. Ngokusobala, kungcono kuphela ushintsho kulezi noma olunye udaba. Lapha, uma amaqembu amabili okuphambene eziphilayo faka: autotrophs futhi heterotrophs. I last - yizilwane nesikhunta ukuthi kudle udaba eziphilayo. Eyokuqala (izitshalo namagciwane) faka uhluke. By the way, nabo zihlukaniswe photosynthesis futhi hemosintetikov.

Functional ecosystem isakhiwo eqala division efanayo, kodwa ngaphansi amanye amagama. Lapha sikhuluma abakhiqizi, decomposers, abathengi kanye destructors. Lezi zindlela ezimbili ezihlobene eduze umqondo ngamaketanga ukudla.

sabaphathi

Yiqiniso, noma ikuphi simiso Lesi silwane esiyinkimbinkimbi ihlukaniswe yaba amazinga eziningana. Eyokuqala futhi iningi olunzulu yilona biocenosis sekushiwo, okuyinto isiqalo nesigcino sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo abathintekayo. Ngokulandelayo, isakhiwo phezulu simiso semvelo kuhilela division by phytoplankton, zooplankton, futhi myco microbiocenosis. Ngayinye yalezi amaqembu yakhiwa sebuningini ngazinye, ngokuthi labantu. Ekugcineni, iyunithi elincane ngabanye (noma umuntu), okuyinto Ngokwesibonelo ehlukile.

Kukhona isigaba sabaphathi sokusebenza. Trophic ecosystem isakhiwo, njengoba sekushiwo, kuhilela ngokuhlukana we abakhiqizi, abathengi, decomposers futhi destructors. Nokho, kukhona amazinga eziningana. Ngakho, kuthathela izitshalo eziluhlaza ezithola amanzi nokusansimbi okuvela emhlabathini, kanye kwelanga. Ezidla uhlaza kakade basonta ezingeni lokuqala abathengi kanye namakhambi esiningi njengoba ukudla. Nabo baphinde ngukudla ezizingelayo, imi phezu isinyathelo ngenhla. Ngakho lapha kubonakala siqu wokwehlayo yayo ekhethekile.

izinhlobo

Ngisho ngaphakathi uhlobo olufanayo eziphilayo, ezinye ezihlukahlukene kungabonakala nasemkhakheni, futhi lokhu akumangalisi. .. Isakhiwo zinhlobo ecosystem - kuba Isikhombisi esibalulekile isilinganiso labo noma ezinye izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, izilokazane ezincane, njll Lesi sici kuncike ezicini eziningana: isikhundla womhlaba, isimo sezulu zone, amanzi umbuso, engu kwemiphakathi. Okufanayo zinhlobo Ukwakheka kungabonakala izinkulungwane amakhilomitha kusuka komunye nomunye, uma izinkomba main kuzo zifana. Ngaphezu kwalokho yokubakhona eziphilayo ezithile kubalulekile nezinombolo zabo. Okuvame kakhulu isimo semvelo ikakhulukazi izilwane zasendle kanye sredoobrazovatelyami ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, imisebenzi ukhiye bese ukudala izimo sokusinda yezinye izinhlobo.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ababambiqhaza encane azibalulekile kangako. Kunalokho, kwezinye izimo, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile biotic ecosystem isakhiwo ingase inikeze ulwazi olunembile kakhulu isimo sakhe. Ukuba khona zezinhlobo ezingavamile zezitshalo nezilwane angavumela ukuqonda, njengamanzi ahlanzekile nomoya.

On isisekelo ngekwendzawo

Uma uthi nhlá, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba zemvelo, ngenxa yendawo yabo, kuyinto kuthanda ukuba sobala. Asemaqeleni, ihlathi, desert, emathafeni, ulwandle phansi - isethi kuthiwa izinto eziphilayo, akungabazeki ophilayo, iyohluka ngokuphelele. Kodwa lokhu ngezigaba lubalulekile kuphela uma kuziwa Ngokuqhathanisa izinhlelo eziningi futhi umehluko phakathi kwabo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphakathi ngamunye uzoba wokwehlayo yayo ngokomzimba. Isakhiwo kwezendawo eziphilayo ihlathi, isibonelo, kalula okuqaphelekayo, ihlukaniswe yaba amazinga eziningana. Nightingales wenze izidleke zabo emithini ephakeme, futhi wagtails uthanda ukuhlala eduze phansi. Futhi phakathi ukungalingani izimila isobala: izihlahla, notshani, utshani kanye moss kukhona on emazingeni ehlukene ngokuphelele. Ososayensi setha kulezi zici abizwa ngokuthi ngodobo noma izibuya kancane.

isimiso semvelo eliwumhlaba

ecosystem isakhiwo, esisogwini umhlaba, zingase zishintshe kakhulu, kodwa cishe njalo kakhulu. Ziyakwazi yonke indawo: emahlathini, emathafeni, izingwadule, izintaba eziphakeme, futhi ngamunye ngendlela yalo ezithakazelisayo. Bonke share phansi emoyeni izindawo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umehluko zazo kungenzeka ukuthi baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele ingqikithi. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo yesimiso semvelo ehlathini ezindaweni ezishisayo ngeke neze ngokungafani elibonakala eRussia emaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni eluhlaza eNingizimu Melika kuyinto ephawulekayo sihluke isithombe South-West-Asia. Njengoba sekushiwo, ezonini sezulu - lokhu ingenye main kodwa hhayi isici kuphela ukuthonya indlela semvelo eba. ecosystem sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi multidimensional, ngakho okumnandi futhi engaqondakali.

amanzi

Amachibi kanye zasolwandle eziphilayo, ulwelwe, plankton, jellyfish, izinhlanzi olwandle olujulile - zinhlobo ecosystem isakhiwo, etholakala olwandle, akukho kancane bezijabulisa kunomhlaba. Ngokuvamile, kungaba kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. zasemanzini ecosystem isakhiwo ezinye izici zingase zifane phansi, isibonelo, nalapha futhi, kukhona layering. Kodwa kunomehluko kubaluleke kakhulu. Siqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi mbhoshongo biomass is nabokhulumile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abakhiqizi oyinhloko (kukhona plankton ahlukahlukene) baningi kakhulu futhi wande ngokushesha kunokuba abathengi noma consuments. Ikakhulukazi le osebenza ku kolwandle nasekujuleni kolwandle, kodwa futhi angenasawoti imiphakathi bangezwa isimo esifanayo. I bezijabulisa kunazo ukuthi zasemanzini ecosystem isakhiwo kuhlanganisa njengomunye wezinye izinto eziphilayo kwencani, kanye ngobukhulu. Futhi zonke ephila ngokuthula komakhelwane nomunye.

Inani

Ukubaluleka kweMvelo kunzima overestimate. Okokuqala, bonke bangabafowabo umjikelezo ezihlobene kwendaba ngokwemvelo. Tincenye ezinye izinhlelo ukuwela nezinye, ukuze nazo ancikene. Okwesibili, akuvumela ukuthi ucishe silondoloze eziphilayo - Gcwele gwamanda eziphilayo enkambweni yabo siqu esiyingqayizivele, amazing kanye amahle. Ekugcineni, wonke nezinsiza zemvelo umuntu uthola engacabanganga - amanzi ahlanzekile, umhlaba wokulima, umhlabathi ovundile umoya ohlanzekile - ulunika lokhu noma lokhuya ecosystem. Isakhiwo semvelo, kanye lonke uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kunalokho ethambile, ngakho-ke ungakhohlwa ngendima yayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufanele ucabange yokuthi iplanethi kuwufanele ukulondoloza ingcebo yawo ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu

Kumuntu imisebenzi yayo ngandlela-thile kuthinta cishe konke kwemvelo. Kodwa uma ithonya ezinye zazo ngokungaqondile, abanye bajabulele ngqo. Kwamahlathi, komoya, umhlabatsi nemanti, inhlanzi ekubambeni nezilwane - konke lokhu kuba inselele enzima ukulondoloza ukulinganisela yemvelo.

By endleleni, abantu bayaqhubeka ufunde akwazi ukusebenza esitebeleni simiso semvelo ngokwabo, kodwa bazama uphathe ekhona. Ngokuvamile, ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila ubizwa eyayenziwe kwadala imiphakathi ingenkulu kakhulu, kanye nokusimama kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Noma kunjalo, kungaba wusizo kakhulu ukufunda ukuthi uphatha zemvelo, ngoba ngale ndlela kwakunokwenzeka ukufeza umkhiqizo enkulu kwezolimo, kanye ukuzama kabusha. Ngeshwa, umthelela wezenzo zabantu ebhodulukweni izwakalwa omubi, ngoba izenzo zakhe abangele imiphumela mass, ikakhulukazi:

• izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukulahlekelwa;
• ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngenxa shift ukwakheka igesi umkhathi;
• nokwehlisa ikhava ihlathi;
• ekuguqulweni nokubhujiswa imiphakathi eliyingqayizivele futhi imvelo;
• Ukuwohloka kwemithombo yemvelo;
• ugwadule kanti ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ;
• ekuqongeleleni ethwala imfucuza nokungcoliswa;
• ekushintsheni isimo semvelo izakhiwo;
• thinning of ungqimba lwe-ozone.

Kuwufanele ezindla umthengi sengqondo esintwini kanye iplanethi ukucabanga ukuthi alondoloze imvelo sibesibumbene omangalisayo. Ngemva Sula akunzima kakhulu, kodwa uma mina ungakha?