Izingozi kwetheknoloji: definition, ngezigaba, izibonelo. Izimbangela izingozi zezimboni nezinhlekelele. ukuphepha komuntu ngamunye izingozi technogenic

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane babengekho umphakathi wesintu, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa imvelo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, impucuko yethu uya obuzwiwa izinguquko emhlabeni, initiators zazo yena impela. Eyingozi kakhulu ukuphazamiseka komuntu nemvelo, lo ezingalindelekile kakhulu futhi scary iphendula. Nokho, ngaso sonke isikhathi into sisole imvelo: izingozi kwezobuchwepheshe 70% amacala zibangelwa iphutha endoda ngokwayo.

Minyaka yonke isibalo izenzakalo ezinjalo ezikhulayo nenhlekelele walolu hlobo kuphela zenzeka, ngokudabukisayo, cishe nsuku zonke. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi phezu minyaka engu-20 liye landa ukuvama kwazo ncamashi kabili. Ngeshwa, zonke lezi izibalo yokufihla iqiniso elibuhlungu: izingozi ezenziwe umuntu - akuyona nje izindleko okukhulu ukuqeda imiphumela yabo, kodwa ukuphila futhi nezilima abantu abashona noma zagogwa.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo

By the way, lokho ncamashi Asho ukuthini leli gama? Kulula: imililo, indiza, ukushayisana kwezimoto, nezinye izenzakalo eziye zenzeka ngenxa umuntu. Lapho impucuko yethu isekelwe izindlela lobuchwepheshe zokuphatha, njalo ngaphezulu izingozi ezenziwe umuntu. Lokhu-ke ngeshwa, kuyinto Axiom.

ukwakha isigaba

Njalo senzakalo emhlabeni akukho "noma kanjani" hhayi ngokushesha. Ngisho ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo obulandela isigaba esiqondile ekuqongeleleni oncibilikisiwe magma. Futhi kulokhu: ezenziwe umuntu nenhlekelele uhlamvu iqala kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo izinguquko angemahle noma umkhakha, noma ngokuqondile ukuthatha into. Noma yimuphi ngengozi (siqala ezenziwe umuntu) senzeka ngaphansi kwethonya ekuhlukanisweni, izici elimazayo ohlelweni olukhona. Bocwepheshe kukhona izigaba ezinhlanu inhlekelele:

• Kokuqala ekuqongeleleni ngeziphambeko.
• Ukuqaliswa inqubo (kokuhlasela kwamaphekula, ube nenkinga yezobuchwepheshe, ukunganaki).
• Vele ingozi.
• Isenzo imiphumela, okungaba isikhathi eside kakhulu.
• Izinyathelo ukuqeda ingozi.

Njengoba sicabanga inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu, sichaza izimbangela eziyinhloko futhi izici ungalokothi uphuze:

• Oversaturation nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile yenqubo ukukhiqizwa.
• Ekuqaleni, amaphutha in the design and ukukhiqiza.
• Ukwehla kwentengo imishini, izindlela akusebenzi zokukhiqiza.
• Amaphutha noma umonakalo ngenhloso abasebenzi, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula.
• Angisizwanga kahle isisebenzi nge izenzo ngokuhlanganyela ochwepheshe ahlukahlukene.

Yilokho kwezimbangela eziyinhloko izingozi ezenziwe umuntu. Mangisho ukuthi ngisho iminyaka 100-150 edlule kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu: umkhumbi, le ngozi efektri, njll namhlanje, Ngalolo suku izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezimbonini kanye lobuchwepheshe yokuthi adinga ngezigaba ehlukile ezingozi ezenziwe umuntu ... Sihlaziya ke.

izingozi Ezokuthutha

Ngakho kuyinto ezinye umcimbi kakhulu ezihilela izimoto, okubangelwa ukwehluleka lobuchwepheshe noma iziphi izici zangaphandle, ngenxa obekukhona kuwo ukulimala kwempahla, ukulimala eside kwakwenziwa abantu abafa noma abalimala. Ingabe ukuze uqonde kangcono izinga lolu hlobo izenzakalo, sikunikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• 1977, Los Rodeos Isikhumulo sezindiza (eCanary Islands). A kwenzeka ingozi ebucayi lapho sibhekene nje ezimbili "747". Ngenxa yalokho le nhlekelele kwashona abantu abangu-583. Namuhla kuba ingozi ngobukhulu futhi esibi kunazo emlandweni wonke civil aviation.
• 1985, i-Japanese "747" Jal Flight 123 ishayisa entabeni ngenxa navigation amaphutha. Le nhlekelele kwabulala abantu 520. Kuze kube manje, kubhekwa ngobukhulu civil izindiza ukuphahlazeka.
• Septhemba 2001, e-United States. ukushayisana Infamous ndiza nge imibhoshongo-World Trade Center. Inani eliqondile izisulu ayikaziwa.

Ngakho, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila - lokho into embi kakhulu kukhona izingozi ezenziwe umuntu. Izibonelo izinhlekelele esifanayo e-USSR:

• Novemba 16, 1967 lapho flying kusukela Ekaterinburg (ke Sverdlovsk) iphahlazeka IL-18. Bonke abantu 130 ababe ngaleso sikhathi ebhodini abulawa.
• May 18, 1972 esikhumulweni sezindiza laseKharkov iphahlazeka An-10 waphela lapho kokufika. Ubude wabulala abantu 122. Kamuva kwathi isizathu ingozi kungazwakali enjalo waba ubuthakathaka ngokujulile isakhi umshini uqobo. izindiza Okuningi yalolu hlobo awazange esizakala ngawo.

Futhi manje ake sixoxe ngalokho uhlobo izingozi komuntu futhi izinhlekelele zingayisongela bonke: phela ithuba afe engozini ebangeni indiza incane kakhulu, okuyinto akulona iqiniso, isibonelo, imililo.

Imililo ukuqhuma

Lena enye yezinhlekelele ezivamile odabuka yemvelo kanye technogenic emhlabeni, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Ibangelwa umonakalo omkhulu ezibonakalayo, umonakalo omkhulu nemvelo, babulala izimvubu eziningi abantu. Abasinda acindezeleke ngokwengqondo, uqalane oyedwa bavame behluleka, ngoba idinga wezengqondo oqeqeshiwe.

Lapho esikhathini esidlulileko kwakukhona inhlekelele enjalo eyenziwe abantu? Izibonelo kusukela esikhathini esidlule yamuva:

• Juni 3, 1989 - umcimbi esabekayo emlandweni wezwe lethu, eduze nedolobha Asha ovuthayo kaloliwe izitimela ezimbili umgibeli. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ukuvuza gas wegesi main. Ubude wabulala abantu 575, phakathi kwabo - izingane 181. Izimbangela ngqo sigameko qhwa.
• 1999 Mont Blanc Umhubhe. Passenger imoto yalo ivuthe umlilo. Fire bahlakazeka kangangokuthi kwakusengathi ukuwabekezelela kuphela ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili. abantu 39 bafa. Batholakala benecala wokulawula isevisi Umhubhe, kanye umshayeli weloli wafa.

Yiziphi ezinye inhlekelele eyenziwe abantu? Izibonelo ngeshwa eziningi.

Ingozi ukukhulula (noma usongo) ka ubuthi ezinamandla

Kulokhu, imvelo bangaphandle uyakhishwa inqwaba izinto okuyinto emiphumeleni yayo eziphilayo kukhona okulingana ushevu eqinile. Eziningi zalezi compounds hhayi kuphela ifa ngezinga eliphezulu ubuthi, kodwa futhi oluyingozi kakhulu, ngokushesha adedelwa emkhathini ephula umjikelezo ukukhiqiza. Okunjalo izingozi komuntu futhi izinhlekelele kuyethusa ngempela, ngoba ngokuhamba wabulala abantu babo eziningi kangaka, nakakhulu - zikhutshaziwe, baye abantwana abazalwa nge sengozini esesabisayo futhi ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Esinye sezibonelo esesabisayo iningi lolu hlobo ingozi kunjalo kanye zenzeke legatsha inkampani American "Union Carbide". Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo muzi Indian of Bhopal ubhekwa lahlotshaniswa nokuba esihogweni emhlabeni. Phahlaza kwenzeka ngo-1984: ngenxa ubulima Amazing udondolo lwakhe ukunganaki emkhathini ithole amathani methyl isocyanate, ushevu eqinile. Kwenzeka lokhu ebusuku. Ekuseni, izidumbu zigcwele yonke indawo futhi ezitaladini: ushevu ngokoqobo washisa amaphaphu abantu, uyahlanya ne ubuhlungu obumangalisayo, kwaba wazama uphelelwa emoyeni.

I-US ukuphatha namanje uthi wabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane 2.5, ukuthi nje kwabantu labantu edolobheni ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi, cishe, baye bafa okungenani eziyinkulungwane 20. Abanye abantu abangu-70,000 abantu abasale ekhubazekile. Kuleyo ndawo, futhi kuze kube namuhla, izingane zizalwa sengozini esabekayo. Yini izingozi zobuchwepheshe ongancintisana ukuvuza ubuthi ezinamandla?

Izinhlekelele ukukhulula izinto radioactive

Omunye izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu izinhlekelele Lokudabuka zobuchwepheshe. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo hhayi kuphela obulala izinto eziphilayo, kodwa wenza ngendathane ukwanda umonakalo amaselula kanye ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo: izilwane nabantu abachayeka emisebeni, cishe ngokuqinisekile izohlala liyihlane, ziba umdlavuza eziningi, kanye nenzalo yabo, ngisho noma kungase kuvele ku ukukhanya, ngokuvamile kakhulu ehlaselwe ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo. I izingozi wokuqala owenziwe umuntu futhi yabika yalolu hlobo laqala ngesikhathi lapho ukuxhashazwa mass enuzi izitshalo amandla kulesi sikhungo ukuthi yayikhiphe izikhali-grade-uranium futhi plutonium sele zifakiwe.

Akunjalo kudala, yonke imicimbi elandelayo edolobheni Japanese of Fukushima: kulesi siteshi, ngokuvumelana izinto ezenzekileyo khona manje, ngeke ubuthi Pacific Ocean amanzi enemisebe has emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ayisuse imiphumela ye-Japanese abasuke bengakakwazi ukusebenzisa, futhi angeke kwenzeke ukuthi babe kuyophumelela, ngoba elicibilikile fuel zenuzi okuphume kangaka enhlabathini ugu. Uma thina ukuchaza "enemisebe" izingozi ezenziwe umuntu eRussia futhi izwe elaliyiSoviet Union, efika engqondweni ngokushesha izimo ezimbili: eChernobyl nesitshalo "Mayak" waseChelyabinsk esifundeni. Futhi uma eChernobyl uyazi cishe wonke umuntu, yengozi "Mayak" kangako. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1957.

Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ngaphambi kwalokho, ngo-1947, kwaba sobala ukuthi izwe osidinga ngokuphuthumayo omningi izikhali-grade nokwe-uranium-235. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga emzini avaliwe Ozersk ibhizinisi elikhulu ukwenziwa zenuzi izikhali izingxenye ezakhiwa. Inqubo kwamiswa lemali enkulu kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi. Bona benziwe "amabhange" ekhethekile, elise izimbotshana elaliqoshwe edwaleni. Ukubandisa kwenziwa esebenzisa ikhoyili steel. Ekupheleni kuka-1956 omunye amashubhu ivele avuzayo, isitsha ayisekho cool. Ngemva konyaka, inani kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi ifinyelele mass esibucayi futhi zonke yamila ...

esinye isibonelo

Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi nomqondo inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu kuhilela ukuqhuma, imililo kanye / noma kuhlasela kwamaphekula. Isibonelo esiphelele iyona Therac-25-American Medical (!) Umkhiqizo, ayeyile ukukhiqizwa uchungechunge ngo-1982. Ekuqaleni, kwakuwukunqoba odokotela American: amathuluzi eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ukwelashwa ngemisebe sidaliwe kuphela esebenzisa izibalo computer! Lokho kamuva nje wathola ukuthi "umuthi" kuyinto enemisebe kakhulu, idatha olunembile ngenani izisulu namanje akukho. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa sithathwe kuphela ngemva konyaka, inani izisulu ngokuqinisekile umxhwele ...

Kuzo zombili lezi amacala ngenhla, izimbangela zezinkumbulo ezenziwe umuntu izingozi evamile - amaphutha ukuklanywa. Ngesikhathi le "Lighthouse" abantu cishe abazi ukuthi izinto ezivamile endaweni emisebeni eliphezulu ingemuva phansi ngesilinganiso Amazing, futhi wafingqa ithemba baseMelika e intelligence yokufakelwa nokuhaha niyizinhloko zezindlu yizinkampani ezithaka imithi.

Khipha izinto eziphila enobungozi

Leli gama ngokuvamile libhekisela bengena imvelo of begazi izikhali: ukulwa zakulezi isifo, ikholera, ingxibongo, njll Kuyacaca ukuthi iziphathimandla ukuthi izigameko ezifana nalezi emhlabeni wonke ukungatholi ... Zibe khona izingozi ezinjalo zobuchwepheshe eRussia? Kunzima ukusho. Kodwa eSoviet Union lokhu yikho. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-April 1979 e Sverdlovsk (eYekaterinburg). Khona-ke, eziningi eziningana abagulayo i-anthrax, kanye lwegciwane uhlobo eyayingavamile kakhulu futhi akazange sihambisana zemvelo.

Amabili izinguqulo okwenzeka: ukuvuza kwephutha imfihlo ucwaningo nezikhungo futhi isenzo ukuketula. Ngokuphambene nombono we "hlola" ubuholi Soviet, imvelo, version yesibili unelungelo ekuphileni: Ongoti ngokuphindiwe waveza ukuthi ukugqashuka yahlanganisa esizeni kusolwa "kwekhabhoni" engalingani. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuvuza kwadingeka imithombo eminingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-"eshayeka", mayelana ill-fated Research Institute, inamba yezimo bekulokhu mancane. Kwenqwaba yezisulu wahlala okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho. Futhi omunye. "I VOICE OF AMERICA" Ukutshelile ngalokho okwenzeka ekuseni ngo-5 Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuphela ambalwa amacala sabhalwa, ayengamakhulu ngaphansi ukuxilongwa "pneumonia."

Ngokuzumayo Caving izakhiwo

Njengomthetho, izizathu izingozi zezimboni nezinhlekelele yalolu hlobo - ephule phezu esiteji of design futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Kucalisa isici umsebenzi imishini esindayo, izimo zezulu ezingezinhle, nokunye. D. Ukonakala imvelo nge ongatheni, kodwa uvame ukuhambisana ngesehlakalo ingozi yesibalo esikhulu sabantu.

Umphumela ungase ube ukungahambisani isibonelo ekahle "Transvaal Park". Lesi sakhiwo ukuzijabulisa e Moscow, okuyinto wokugoqa kophahla engu-14 Februwari 2004. Lesi sakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abantu okungenani 400, okungenani 1/3 wabo - izingane abeza nabazali bazo pool yezingane. Ubude wabulala abantu abangu-28, nezingane eziyisishiyagalombili. Inombolo ephelele abalimala - abantu 51, izingane okungenani 20. Ekuqaleni kubhekwe isenzo okufushane amaphekula, kodwa kwakukubi kakhulu: esiphezulu umklami asindiswe ukwakhiwa, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi isakhiwo support zokuhlobisa ezingaphezu kuka wangempela wokusekela ukwakha uphahla. Ngaphansi umthwalo elincani iqhwa, washayeka phansi phezu kwamakhanda holidaymakers abantu.

Ukuwa amandla izinhlelo

Lezi zehlakalo zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:

• Izingozi ngamandla, ephelezelwa kokuphazamiseka eside kule kwamandla.
• Izingozi ngamandla amanethiwekhi, okwaphumela abathengi futhi bazithola bancishwa kwegezi noma eminye imithombo yamandla.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-May 25, 2005 eMoscow kwakukhona nciphisa, ushiya ngaphandle ugesi babengagcini nje ezindaweni ezimbalwa amakhulu, kodwa ezindaweni eziningi esifundeni eMoscow, kanye ezinye nemizana eduze Kaluga futhi Ryazan. Izinkulungwane eziningana zabantu isikhathi esithile ivinjwe izitimela ongaphansi komhlaba, odokotela abaningi kwenziwa imisebenzi ezibucayi nje ephethe ithoshi.

Kuthiwani uma bephakathi lwenhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu

Futhi sizobe-ke kubhekwe nokuphepha siqu phakathi eziphuthumayo ezenziwe umuntu. Okuningi ngokunembile, wokulondoloza yayo izinyathelo. Kuthiwani uma wena babesendaweni embi ngesikhathi esibi? Okokuqala, njengoba Corny njengoba kuzwakala, zama ukungaxhamazeli, ngoba kulesi sifundazwe, abantu bayafa kwasekuqaleni. Ukuba yingcweti imizwa, kufanele sizame futhi uthole indawo ucishe ephephile, noma indlela ophumayo eziphuthumayo (uma kunengozi yomlilo, isibonelo). Gwema emoyeni ephefumula ayegcwele uthuli, amagesi noma intuthu. Ngenxa yale njongo kubalulekile angasebenzisa ibhandishi ukotini gauze noma umane ukuphula izinto ezingafuneki zokugqoka, moisten ngamanzi bese uphefumula lezi izingcezu izicubu. Kubalulekile ukuthi ibhandishi ngokurhaba owenziwe ngezinto zemvelo!

Ungazami sengathi iqhawe, kokushiya yiyo eshayeka kanzima ngenxa inhlekelele bebodwa: kufanele babambisane nezinye izisulu bese ulinda kusondela abatakuli. Lapho kwehla lo mshophi phakathi nenkathi ebandayo, kufanele sizame ukuthi onge amandla ngokubuthana zonke ukudla iyatholakala futhi izingubo ezifudumele. Uma endaweni evulekile, zidonse ukunaka kwanoma abatakuli, babasa isignali imililo noma usebenzisa ekhethekile rocket isiqalisi (uma ikhona).