Kwazo imisebe inhlabathi kanye nemiphumela yayo

yobushoshovu wobuntu ngokuvamile kakhulu kubathinta kabi izwe emhlabeni Animate nemvelo ezingaphili. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo of umkhakha, ezolimo zazivuma, izinkinga nokuphathwa imfucuza - konke lokhu kusongela sina emvelweni emhlabeni. With ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi kanye nekwentiwa ncono kwezikhali zenuzi kukhona enye inkinga - ukungcoliswa nenhlabathi, amanzi, umoya.

Kuchazwa inkinga

kwazo imisebe inhlabathi - ke kudlulwe ke lokuhlala radionuclide ku izinkomba esiphezulu izinga ovumelekile ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu.

izindawo Angcolisiwe zinezikhathi ngemithamo abalulekile okweqa ukuchayeka zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ukuze ubheke nemithetho ionizing ukwelapha-International Commission of Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Ukuvikelwa (ICRP), isilinganiso umthamo yonyaka emisebeni yethulwa ukuthi nenhlabathi namadwala ka 0.25-0.5 microsieverts ngonyaka (mSv / y). Le ndinganiso ichaza lemali emisebeni iphephile impilo yomuntu futhi izikhathi eziningi leliphasi kunaleyo okwakuyoholela ukushonelwa eziphilayo eminye izinsuku ezingu-30 ngabe.

izizathu

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ukungcoliswa emhlabathini? Imithombo yokungcola - la maqembu amabili radionuclides:

• ezenziwe umuntu;
• yemvelo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi inhlabathi iqukethe radionuclides zemvelo. Nokho, ingqondo is kakhulu anda ngenxa zokukhiqiza, isitoreji ngezinto zemvelo eluhlaza, ukucubungula, kokukhulelwa, ukukhiqiza zabo, amalahle omlilo fly ukusetshenziswa umlotha njengoba izitshalo efaka umquba noma womshini zokwakha, njll

Ngenxa ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kanye nokusetshenziswa umquba njalo ngonyaka isamba radioactively okunobuthi nenhlabathi ukwanda. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyi zingazwisiswa okwandayo lokuhlushwa radionuclides enhlabathini ngenxa ukusetshenziswa umanyolo kanye phosphate umquba.

radionuclides Artificial in inqwaba ukuwela izingxenye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli planethi ngenxa ukuqhuma zenuzi.

Ngakho, izizathu ezinkulu abangela ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi:

• ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu emazweni wezolimo;
• umkhakha esindayo;
• izimayini kwemithombo yemvelo;
• kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi;
• kwekhabhoni emisebeni yenuzi;
• inhlolakuvumelana.

kwazo imisebe inhlabathi: nemiphumela ukungcoliswa

Kukhona nemiphumela eminingi engemihle inhlabathi ukungcoliswa:

• kunomthelela oqonde ngqo omubi ka izinto radioactive ezilwaneni, izitshalo kanye nabantu;
• komkhawulo enkulu kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi izinsiza ngezinhloso zezolimo. Ngemva yonke imikhiqizo okuyinto etholakala ngesakhiwo ezifana ingaphezu ezingeni ejwayelekile lokuhlushwa izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile ngenxa ukungcoliswa amadamu evulekile aphasi, inhlabathi wageza kusukela compounds lapho elimazayo. ukungcoliswa Sinzima kungaholela ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa amanzi ahlanzekile hhayi kuphela ngenjongo yokuphuza futhi ukupheka, kodwa futhi phezu kwemfuyo desoldering noma ngenkasa umhlaba wokulima.

Izazi eziningi baphikisa ngokuthi kokunqotshwa imvelo emisebeni medium kuholela ukuqeda ukulahleka biogeotsionozov kanye nabantu. Lokhu kwenzeka uma amazinga aphezulu yokungcola. ezindaweni ezinjalo awashintsheki eduze izindawo main lapho kwakukhona khona ukukhululwa kwe ngemisebe, ngenxa yalokho, ukungcoliswa emhlabathini. EChernobyl - zone inyumbazane ngemuva kwengozi. Khona-ke amakhulu amahektha Uthole umthamo esiqine lemisebe ngenxa bekene lususwe lonke umsebenzi womuntu.

izinqubo ezihleli

Umhlabathi iyavuleka izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi izinto radioactive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilondoloza kubo isikhathi eside.

Radionuclides enhlabathini zinezikhathi:

• izakhiwo zinhlobo amakhemikhali esebenzayo;
• izakhiwo kanye nokwakheka nenhlabathi ngokwayo;
• izakhiwo radionuclides fallout;
• Amapharamitha zezulu;
• izici landscape.

Radionuclides fed phezu kwaleyo inhlabathi ukubunjwa aerosols, amaminerali, particulate nophethiloli, njll Le ngxenye esiphezulu kwamafrakshini yabo oncibilikayo kodaka lwentaba lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo 30-90%. Isibalo aphakeme ukusuka cesium futhi Sesithombe. Indlela liziphathe radionuclides esikhathini esizayo - akekho owaziyo. zilingana Dynamic kwandisa nge nokuncipha solubility of depositions yabo. Inhlabathi encibilikayo izinto eziphilayo futhi acidification olukhethekile imvelo kuthinta ukuthuthelwa yokwanda kokungabi radionuclides esetshenziswa ngenjongo yokuhlanza yayo.

Ukuhamba kwazo imisebe incike:

• Ukwakheka mineralogical;
• ukutholakala enhlabathini geochemical izithiyo;
• kuyizinhlayiyana Usayizi ukusatshalaliswa ;
• izakhiwo humus;
• ukuphendula ophansi.

ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba ovundlile of radionuclides

Ukubikezela akwenzayo kungase kubathinte kanjani umhlabathi ukungcoliswa kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi izimfanelo yokufuduka radionuclides.

ukuhanjiswa radionuclides enhlabathini kwenzeka iziqondiso evundla mpo ngendlela yemvelo futhi ngezizathu yezenzo zesintu.

kufuduka ovundlile kungenxa:

• ezokuthutha aeolian (igama livela egameni unkulunkulu Aeolus emoyeni);
• igeleze amanzi ezikhukhula asuke ebangela omkhulu ukungcoliswa nisin namaxhaphozi;
• imfucuza isilwane (nemisundu eminingi, izingulube zasendle, amavukuzi nakuwo nezinye 'simbe ");
• traffic;
• evuna ifolishi esiluhlaza izimfunda okunobuthi;
• ukusha kwamahlathi, okuyizinto isotopes enamandla kakhulu ukudlulisa isici.

Ubuncane kufuduka ovundlile nasemkhakheni coenoses ihlathi, futhi esiphezulu - e agrocenoses ne nenhlabathi ukukhanya. ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba evundlile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunciphisa izinga inhlabathi ukungcoliswa nge nuclides enemisebe, ngakolunye - uyanda endaweni ukusatshalaliswa yabo.

kufuduka uqotho

Njengoba kabusha mpo ke zonke izinhlobo umhlabathi, kuthatha kade. isivinini Linear yenqubo ivela kwetshumi ambalwa ngamasentimitha amabili ngonyaka. Umhlabathi kuleli cala uba isithiyo biogeochemical. Izifundo eChernobyl zone wabonisa ukuthi iningi radionuclides e izinsalela ngaphakathi ungqimba phezulu inhlabathi (10 cm) isikhathi eside. Futhi izigodo le izoni izinto radioactive zanqwabelana udoti (amaqabunga, izinaliti) kanye ungqimba engezansi inhlabathi (mayelana 1-2 cm).

kufuduka ngokuma radionuclides kuncike ezintweni ezifana:

• mlilo;
• imvula, ukudluliswa umswakama emifula kanye ukuhwamuka;
• ukudluliselwa izinhlelo isitshalo impande;
• umsebenzi womuntu - ukulima, wokunisela.

Izindawo okunobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni

Emhlabeni, kunamakhulu izindawo radioactively kungangcoli. A engozini sína endaweni hanford e isimo Washington, USA. Lapha eziyinkimbinkimbi giant, lifaka wokuqala emhlabeni ukuthuthukiswa zenuzi lakhiwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Ngenxa yalokho yemisebenzi yayo kule enobuthi endaweni 518 square metres. km.

Nenhlabathi Somalia ziye zasetshenziswa ukuze kulahlwe emthethweni nuclear waste. indawo Semipalatnsky e Kazakhstan lapho ukuhlolwa yenuzi Kwakuseshwa, ingenye yezindawo kakhulu emisebeni-enobungozi emhlabeni. Edolobheni Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, izimayini uranium zilungisiwe ku esikalini Union, okuholela lokuhlala lasetulu kakhulu isotopes enemisebe ezimayini wesifunda.

I owaziwa eChernobyl zone - a zone efile, lapho kuhlala khona amakhulu amaningi amakhilomitha inhlabathi ukungcoliswa okwenzekile. EChernobyl - akuyona kuphela emhlabeni amandla esiteshini zenuzi, lapho kwakukhona khona nhlekelele yenuzi ka embulungeni yonke. Okufanayo kwenzeka ku Fukushima, Japan. Lapha, komhlaba ne-tsunami ngo-March 2011 ebangele ingozi ngesikhathi sithombo esingatshalwanga uye wahlupheka ngenxa le nsimu enkulu.

Industrial eziyinkimbinkimbi "Mayak" eRussia emzini imfihlo "Chelyabinsk-40" eduze nedolobha Kyshtym ehlaselwe ingozi ngo-1957. imiphumela yayo baba kwazo imisebe 25 000 amahektha umhlabathi olimekayo. Leso simo esiyinhlekelele emhlabeni OJSC laseSiberia Chemical Hlanganisa e saseTomsk Oblast, eRussia.

Izici ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni enobuthi

Ngo inhlabathi ikakhulukazi buthelela radionuclides nge eside nesigamu kwamazinyo: inkinobho yegundane esebenza njalo-147, Cerro-144, cesium-137, Ruthenium-106 103, Sesithombe-90. I esiyingozi kakhulu eziphilayo kuyinto Sesithombe-90. Ngakho-ke, emadlelweni itheleleke nge-radiation, ukuziphatha agrochemical, Agro-lobuchwepheshe kanye neminye imisebenzi, ekwazi ukunciphisa shift compounds oluyingozi olusuka inhlabathi izitshalo. Ngenxa yale njongo futhi usike inhlabathi futhi wokungcwaba.

An isilinganiso esiphumelelako imbewu yezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zilwane, izimpawu eliphansi wayenemfuyo radionuclide. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi fattening isilwane, ukusebenzisa okuphakelayo ahlanzekile kuphela. Sorbents asetshenziswa njengoba izithasiselo ekhethekile zivimbela ukudlula izinto radioactive obisini.

umsebenzi sokufuna okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa edonsa radionuclides ku izitshalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu ukwenza sorbents inhlabathi, ezifana vermiculite, zeolite, amaminerali kanye izithasiselo organic, lime. Kwezolimo ukwehla sokuzuza izitshalo kwenzeka esebenzisa radionuclides ezolimo. Chitha ukulima Plantage, ne inzuzo kumiswa. Le nqubo ukutshalwa kuholela ushona we kwazo imisebe. Ngenxa yalesi ekuqongeleleni izinto ezitshalweni kuyehla izikhathi 24. Kwezolimo, kufanele ushintshe isakhiwo kwezitshalo. Kungcono ukuqala yokutshala izilimo yezimboni kungukuthi ezazidliwa.

Indlela ehlukile usebenzisa endaweni enobuthi ukususwa kwanoma yimuphi umphumela ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, ungakha izinqolobane ekhethekile. Ngo wawubona emisebeni yangemuva endaweni ukutheleleka itshalwe ihlathi, ikakhulukazi zikaphayini.

izinyathelo zokuvikeleka

izinyathelo zokuvikeleka ezindaweni lapho kukhona kwazo imisebe zenhlabathi, zibhekiswe ekunciphiseni imiphumela emibi evela ngaphandle. Kwenziwe izenzo ezinjalo:

• isu ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo kanye Insimu wezwe noma kazwelonke ezingeni, kuye ngezinga yokungcola neminingi naphezu kwengozi engase ivele ukungcoliswa ezizungezile;
• sokufunwa, izinyathelo Agro-lobuchwepheshe;
• magciwane chemical;
• ukusebenzisa sorbents;
• Umkhawulo yezenzo zesintu;
• yokwazisa umphakathi ngezingozi kungenzeka;
• kukhawulwe zokuthumela noma yimuphi umkhiqizo kusuka endaweni eyingozi.

Isikhathi sokusebenza kwale mikhawulo kuncike ngokuyinhloko kwabantu ukusilaphazeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banake umthamo ukuchayeka emisebeni. Le nkathi ingahlala kusuka amasonto ambalwa ukuze amashumi eminyaka. Ngakho izazi zemvelo ukunciphisa ukusilaphazeka inhlabathi kanye nemiphumela yayo.