Control yokungcola inhlabathi: izindlela instrutsii

Inhlabathi iyisici esibalulekile we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ngaphandle kwayo, ngeke kwenzeke ukuba khona eMhlabeni. Umhlabathi wakhona njalo ithonya yabantu. Minyaka yonke ke emkhathini uthole amakhulu zamathani ezinto ezingcolisayo ahlukahlukene. Lokhu amagesi qeda kanye isisi esiyingozi izitshalo ezimbonini. Kwake kwathi ngo-inhlabathi, ezingcolisa kuthiwa ukubola. Ezinye zazo yilezi indlela ukuthuthelwa iphrofayli awele emanzini. The esiphezulu ingozi kwemvelo sife dioxides futhi izinsimbi ezisindayo, compounds oluyingozi organic wezinto ezingaphili, futhi phenols.

Ikhava Inhlabathi kuyinto echibini yemvelo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uyakwazi iwukudambisa futhi ababhubhise ezingcolisayo ahlukahlukene. Nokho, at lokuhlala eliphezulu izakhi ezinobuthi nokucwaningwa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli isixhumanisi ukwehluleka. ukuchayeka okunjalo kungaholela ukuphazamiseka isigqi esibalulekile kakhulu kule planethi yethu.

izinhlobo zokungcola

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okwandisa lokuhlushwa izinto ezihlukahlukene kungenzeka enhlabathini. Uma lesi sibalo idlula imingcele esiphezulu ezingeni kuvunyelwe, kuyobe sekuba i-ukukhuluma ngokungcoliswa komoya. Ukuba khona lesi simo kungenziwa wagomela esimweni khona enhlabathini yanoma iyiphi inombolo izidakamizwa ungacacisi kuso bese kuchaziwe Isigaba elimazayo.

ukungcola Soil libhekwa ngokwamazinga eziyisithupha ezahlukene. Ngamunye wabo izici ukuncipha Usayizi umkhiqizo kwenhlabathi, kanye lemali biomass kukhiqizwa.

Nenhlabathi kungenzeka ingcoliswe:

- ncela yamadwala nasemigodini zokulahla, emkhathini kanye laba yincithakalo;

- izinsimbi ezisindayo;

- imithi yokubulala izinambuzane;

- mycotoxins;

- izakhi enemisebe.

Imithombo inhlabathi ukungcoliswa

On the "impilo" lokhu ingxenye ebalulekile uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli is kakhulu ehlaselwe izinto ezenziwa abantu. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukuthuthukiswa intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kuyinto ukungcola okukhulu kwenhlabathi imithombo ukungcola yayo - iyincithakalo ngokuyinhloko zezimboni esisesigabeni ukukhiqizwa izinsimbi non-ayoni futhi ayoni, kanye compounds ahlukahlukene organic, imikhiqizo wezinto ezingaphili-chemistry, njll Ngokwezinga elikhulu bangcolise indawo ezungezile nentuthu oyikhiphayo .. emkhathini. Kusukela intuthu zezimboni ezikhishwe emoyeni, emanzini nasemhlabathini umlotha futhi umule, i-carbon monoxide ne-sulfur dioxide, nitrate, sulfate kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Control yokungcola inhlabathi futhi ibonisa ukuthi isimo sabo zibulale ezihlukahlukene imfucuza zobuchwepheshe, okuyizinto imikhiqizo, elisetshenziswa umjikelezo ukukhiqiza. Ukwakheka yabo kanye nobungako zihlukile. Nokho, njengoba umthetho, hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene, uhlu okuyinto kuphela ezokuthutha kanye namabhizinisi zezimboni kuhlanganisa amagama engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

.. Le imithombo ukungcola esimweni ukukhiqizwa compounds ephezulu yamangqamuzana - izihlanzi, monomers, yelikhono, colorants, stabilizers, njll "Impilo" enhlabathini bese imikhiqizo ngokwabo kuthatha Kulomkhakha: zepulasitiki, iraba, upende, njll ...

Ngokuphazima encane ukungcola isilinganiso isizinda kanye yokucwenga amafutha. Lokhu ingxenye enkulu yemithombo yemvelo zibhebhetheka njalo, okuholela inhlabathi usawoti. Ukonakala okungenziwa kwenzeka kusukela igesi omlilo emasimini okuhlobene.

izinsimbi non-ayoni futhi esindayo endaweni ezungezile ngenxa kwekhabhoni amabhizinisi ezifana:

- yensimbi nensimbi;

- Mechanical Engineering;

- ngensimbi;

- Petrochemical, amakhemikhali, uginindela iphepha, ipulangwe kanye nezinye izimboni eziningi.

Control yokungcola inhlabathi kwenza ukuba sicacise iqiniso lokuthi ngenxa ukwelashwa nge zinambuzane kanye zinambuzane emasimini, kanye kokukhulelwa kwenzeka ubuthi izingqimba evundile isici ikakhulukazi ezinobuthi - arsenic. Ingqikithi efanayo ku imvelo ngenxa ukukhiqizwa ingilazi, zombala, ukushuka ejenti, nesikhunta, futhi rodenticides.

isimo Environmental siba sibi kakhulu uma kwenzeka zasemgwaqweni amaphayiphi ahambisa wezinto ezingaphili futhi izinto eziphilayo, futhi ngo-enuzi izitshalo amandla.

Inhlabathi yokulawula ukungcola ukuvumele ukuthola yokuthi umthombo obalulekile izidakamizwa eziyingozi kukhona indawo lapho isitoreji nokubhujiswa zezimboni, yezemithi wasendlini. A nomthelela omubi kwezemvelo kanye yokugcina izingxenye ezihlukahlukene enobuthi.

Isidingo sokugada le "impilo" kwenhlabathi

emoyeni Atmosphere kanye ngezikhathi self-yokuhlanza amanzi angaphezulu esuka izinto. Umhlabathi has inani elifanayo ngezici ezithile. It oluhlala izingxenye elimazayo futhi akakwazi HLAMBA them ngokugcwele. Inani enkulu ubuthi kuholela nokwehliswa kwesithunzi ikhava umhlaba kanye kumiswa okuthiwa ehlane ezenziwe umuntu. Lokhu kubangela nesanda ezikwimvelo kanye nemiphumela emibi ethwele usongo ngqo impilo yabantu. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuze yokulawula ukungcola inhlabathi, injongo okuyinto ukuthola ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi phezu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Izinkinga zanamuhla

Namuhla udaba nokuxhumana womuntu imvelo ngeso elibukhali umphakathi. Akungabazeki ukuthi inkinga ikakhulukazi acute inhlabathi ukungcoliswa yokutholwa, nezindlela isixazululo yayo lizovikela izinga lempilo labantu abaphila emhlabeni.

Izindaba zokongiwa kwemvelo kufanele uthole kuveza e emphakathini wesintu. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukugcina kahle nokuhlanzeka imvelo, ungqimba lwe-ozone, nokunye bioturnover izinto. D.

Kwenziwe yokulawula ukungcola inhlabathi ebonisa ukuthi zikhona izinguquko okuqukethwe izakhi mkhondo. Lokhu kunomthelela empilweni yomuntu, okuholela ukuphazamiseka izinqubo umzimba emzimbeni wakhe futhi okubangela isifo sendawo uhlamvu wendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ezibanga umdlavuza enhlabathini ngenxa emkhathini, abangele izifo neoplastic.

izindlela ukuvuselelwa kanye nokongiwa inhlabathi

Ukuze ukwehlukanisa ezingcolisa esetshenziswa amathangi ukonakala futhi isitoreji. Letakhi avumele ukusetshenziswa ubuthi kwasendaweni indlela, lokhu kungaphazamisa imvelo. Nokho, yokulawula ukungcola inhlabathi kufakazela ukuthi indlela ezingcono kakhulu yokulwa yingozi izithako lwethu lwezempilo kuyinto ukuqedwa kwabo. imikhiqizo Toxic kungenziwa ngokufanele ngqo ezindaweni wesitoreji yabo. Ngenxa yalesi izindlela ukusetshenziswa ezifana burning hydrocarbon, nokususa ukungcola, ezihlukahlukene amaminerali inhlabathi egeza izixazululo. Kuleso simo, uma imikhiqizo anobuthi kukhona izakhi organic indlela yemvelo singasetshenziswa. Contaminants ngezinye izikhathi lakhishwa endaweni wadala ngokukhethekile ukuze kusebenziswe futhi neutralization yabo amaphuzu.

Beka ukuqapha

izifundo zempilo inhlabathi olwenziwa ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Basuke edingekayo futhi ezindaweni eduze emadolobheni kanye namabhizinisi ezimbonini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okumqoka iyona ukulawula ukungcola zenhlabathi, ekhiqizwa ezingeni ngemuva. Iveza idatha nokungcoliswa emkhathini futhi, ngenxa yalokho, - inhlabathi.

Isimiso eziyisisekelo zokulawula

inhlabathi nophenyo ezonini sesikhashana kwanoma iyiphi ibhizinisi aim ukuhlonza amagugu esiphezulu esithweni kuvunyelwe nentuthu oyikhiphayo. ukulawula nezimfuneko Ukuvikelwa inhlabathi zihlanganisa ukungcoliswa uhlolele khona izinto ezibanga umdlavuza. Ukuba khona kwabo kunqunywa khona benzopyrene. Lokhu kubekiwe-IEC 17.4.2.01-81.

Ngaphansi mithetho zamanje, kokulawulwa inhlabathi ukungcoliswa ezindaweni zokungcebeleka, izinkulisa kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha Kwenziwa hhayi ngaphansi kuka kabili ngonyaka - entwasahlobo and ekwindla. Ngokusho nezidingo wesakhiwo izivakashi isampula eduze amabhizinisi zezimboni kumele kumakwe kanye Vector umoya ekhona rose.

eminyangweni ehlukahlukene kweticondziso nokuphathelene ukuqapha isimo inhlabathi, sisetshenziswa amabhizinisi embonini. Ngakho, Minneftegazprom athuthukile izincomo izingxenye ukuvikelwa, ezindaweni zokukhiqiza petroleum. Zinikeza for okuqhubekayo ukungcoliswa control, futhi uchaze izenzo ziyadingeka ukwenza ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezahlukene.

izindlela ukulawula

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukungcoliswa kwendawo cwaningo umkhiqizo inhlabathi izibonelo zalokho. Izincomo kokulawulwa inhlabathi ukungcola, engatholwa imfundo eziklanyelwe, ukhombise isidingo sabo ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali. It kuzokuvumela ukucacisa esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe of ezinobuthi. Kwanele ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo engaqondile izindlela ukulawula inhlabathi ukusilaphazeka. uhlu Bahlanganisa:

- ukuhlaziywa ukuziphatha nokusatshalaliswa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezincane, izitshalo kanye ezingenamgogodla, okuyinto ayizikhombisi we "impilo" ungqimba inhlabathi;

- zibukeke wathola ukuhlolwa phytogenesis.

inhlabathi ukulawula ukusilaphazeka

Radionuclides kokuba eside isigamu-nokuphila, kuwele phansi kusukela ngaphandle, kusukela emoyeni, aqoqana izingqimba engenhla. Le nkinga ukungcoliswa nenhlabathi nezindlela izisombululo kwakhona kakhulu efanele kunazo zonke esintwini. Lezi izinto kube nengozi nempilo yabantu kanye ngokwezinga elikhulu, kungaba kubi kakhulu isimo semvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo inhlabathi ukusilaphazeka.

Ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe komhlaba amasampuli indlela, okuyinto babhekana elabhorethri ukuhlaziywa gamma-spectrometric. Control engenziwa emkhakheni. Iphinde labetibambile ukuhlaziywa gamma-spectrometric nokusetshenziswa kumadivayisi ephathekayo, "Bell" noma PSA-88.

Ukuqapha amazinga zinambuzane

Ukuze ukhula, izinambuzane okungafunwa nezifo fungal of inhlabathi evundile iphathwa zinambuzane, nesikhunta zinambuzane. Bonke ngothi lwabo, kanye nemithi yokuxosha futhi fumigants, ukwandisa umkhiqizo, ezihlobene zinambuzane. Lezi izinto kukhona eziphila abakhuthele futhi at lokuhlala ephakeme ngenxa yomonakalo ngokuthi imvelo.

Yingakho nokuqapha njalo inhlabathi ukungcoliswa zinambuzane. Namuhla, bakhula imihlahlandlela kanye namasu amasampuli ethize. Zenza Singakwazi yini ukuthola MICROQUANTITIES yokubulala ukhula futhi kwenze izibulala-zinambuzane. On amaphuzu ayinhloko, okuvumela ukuba afeze ukulawula izinga komhlaba wezolimo zingatholakala eMithethweni, ithuthukiswe yi-Institute of kokulinganisa meteorology Roshydromet. Lo mbhalo Liyincwadi echaza izigaba eziyinhloko kulungiselelwa control, kanye umhlangano futhi bathole imiphumela oyifunayo.

Inhlabathi ukulawula microbial

izindawo Land of amadolobha kanye umhlaba wokulima akumele ibe eziveza amathuba ukuze eziphilayo womuntu amagciwane abe nenkani. Kuze kube yimanje, bethuthuka futhi lwenteke izinkomba ezithile esiphezulu ezingeni kuvunyelwe, okuyinto livikeleke amazinga zenhlanzeko kanye nemithetho yenhlanzeko.

Izindlela isicelo zokuqapha microbiological inhlabathi zichazwe izincomo methodological iyawakha ngamalungu Federal Centre for Ukuhlolwa yenhlanzeko eMnyango Wezempilo yeRussia, Federal Research Center. F. F. Erismana futhi GSEN isikhungo e Krasnodar.