Amagagasi Population njengenhlangano isici kwemvelo. Izimbangela amagagasi labantu

Isenzo echibini isakhi sofuzo yezici aphansi sishintsha imvamisa zezakhi zofuzo ezithile, okuholela ushintsho genotype futhi phenotype sabantu, futhi nokunwetshiwe ukuba kwemvelo ubabonisa kwamangqamuzana yayo.

Kuyini microevolution

Microevolution - labantu eshintsha bedle izici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo angaholela ushintsho echibini isakhi sofuzo, noma ngisho nokubonakala kokungqubuzana izinhlobo ezintsha.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza kwemvelo kungenziwa ngokuthi iyiphi izinqubo noma izenzakalo. Phakathi ngokwethembeka kungenzeka babhekene okukhulunywa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ekuhlukanisweni nabantu bakaJehova, drift zofuzo, amagagasi labantu ukuthi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ubukhulu yanoma yimuphi labantu kushintsha njalo. Izizathu zalokhu yilezi amathonya ezahlukene imvelo biotic futhi abiotic. labantu okunjalo usayizi iyehla iyenyuka kukhona gqwa. Ngakho, ngemva ukwanda kwenani labantu endaweni labantu ukuncishiswa yayo. Ngo-1905 S. S. Chetverikov ngokuthi lesi sibonelo amagagasi labantu. Uma izibonelo amagagasi labantu, kungase kube ekushintshashintsheni isibalo izisulu ezidla, isikhonyane ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi kanye onogwaja e-Australia. Isibonelo ungakwazi ikhonze njengomPristi flash lemmings e-Arctic noma umqedazwe izifo okungalotshiwe esikhathini esidlule zalotshwa eYurophu.

Izimpawu "amagagasi wokuphila"

Lezi amagagasi zivamile zonke izinto eziphilayo. Zingaba yansukuzonke kanye non-yansukuzonke. Periodic sivame ukuba khona izinto eziphilayo eyesikhashana - izinambuzane, izitshalo yonyaka, kanye iningi amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta. Isibonelo elula kungenzeka izinguquko ezithile zonyaka ngokuchichimayo.

Nonperiodic amagagasi labantu zincike inhlanganisela yezici ezimbalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile, zihilela hhayi elilodwa izinhlobo eziningana eziphilayo zemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungaholela kabusha olukhulu.

Phakathi izinguquko inani labamemezeli sabantu kufanele wenza ukuvela ngasikhathi sinye ezithile eziphilayo ezindaweni ezintsha ngaphandle izitha zabo zemvelo. Futhi kokukhuluma kuwufanele ushintsho elibukhali inani non-eyindilinga, okuyinto ukuxhumana "izibhicongo" yemvelo futhi engaveza ekubhujisweni biogeocoenose noma yonke i-landscape. Ngokwesibonelo, ehlobo eziningana ezomile Ungashintsha endaweni enkulu - ukunquma okuvela edlelweni izimila emaxhaphozini futhi eziningi zotshani ezomile.

Uma usho izizathu amagagasi labantu, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula hhayi kuphela ubuhlobo eziphilayo nomunye futhi yizici zemvelo ophilayo, kodwa futhi ukuba nethonya womuntu.

ukubaluleka kwemvelo of "amagagasi ukuphila"

Ezimweni lapho inani noma yimuphi labantu wancipha kakhulu, kungase kube abantu abambalwa kuphela. Ngakho banayo ukuvama izakhi zofuzo (alleles) lihlukile okwakuvame sabantu yasekuqaleni. Uma, ngemva ukwehla elibukhali inani labantu enzeke abukhali, ekuqaleni kubheduke entsha ukukhula kwenani labantu sabantu kunikeza neqembu elincane iqhubeka. Yingakho-ke kungenziwa wagomela ukuthi amagagasi labantu kuthinte pool isakhi sofuzo, ngoba genotype leqembu inquma isakhiwo zofuzo sabantu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngengozi kakhulu usushintshile usethe yokwanda koshintsho sabantu kanye ingqondo. Ngakho, ezinye izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa ubalekela uma esewonke, futhi kungazelelwe abanye sikhule. Ngamafuphi, singasho ukuthi amagagasi labantu njengenhlangano isici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba, uma Ukukhetha okukhulu kuyinto umphakeli enkulu impahla yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezingavamile zifakwa ngaphansi isenzo Ukukhetha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagagasi zokuphila bayakwazi ukuhoxisa okwesikhashana inombolo yokwanda koshintsho noma genotypes kwezinye imvelo abiotic noma biotic. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ngisho inhlanganisela yokwanda koshintsho labantu amagagasi futhi ayinikeze ukugeleza inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Sidinga isinyathelo isici esithinta kwelinye direction (lena, isib, ukwahlukanisa).

Izinto zokuvala umoya nomthelela yenani labantu

Lokhu isici kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuya yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba wenza ukubukeka izici ezintsha ngokuya uhlobo olulodwa futhi ingekho hybridization zinhlobo ezahlukene komunye nomunye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi evamise waphawula ngabodwa kwendawo. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi endaweni amakhefu kuphela, empambana abantu abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene yawo iba noma okunzima.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu angawodwa ngephutha ukuthuthukisa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, genotype yayo isiba wehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ngabodwa kwemvelo futhi izindlela eziningi ukuchumisa zokwakheka ukuvimbela abantu ezahlukene kwezinhlobo ngikubhastelise. Isibonelo kungase kudingeke izintandokazi ezahlukene njengoba endaweni noma ngesikhathi ibhuloho, kanye, isibonelo, ukuziphatha ehlukile noma isakhiwo ezahlukene nezitho zangasese izilwane, okuyinto kuba i isithiyo ezengeziwe beyizalaniselana.

Ngamafuphi, singasho ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene ukwahlukanisa nesandla ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo usizo ukugcina isakhiwo zofuzo kwezinhlobo.

drift zofuzo

izinguquko okungahleliwe kunombolo zofuzo yimuphi labantu usayizi encane ingase ibe nomthelela ngoba kungaholela ushintsho allele imvamisa. izinguquko okungahleliwe allele amaza ngokuthi drift zofuzo. Le nqubo non-ohlangothini ngokwemvelo. Elaqala ukutholwa uN zofuzo P. Dubininym no D. D. Romashovym.

Ukuqinisekiswa ithuba drift zofuzo kwaba C. Wright. Wanqamula e-laboratory Drosophila kwabesilisa nabesifazane ababe heterozygous ngoba kwatholakala ukuthi isakhi sofuzo esithile. Ngemva kwalokho siyinzalo etholwe nge lokuhlushwa isakhi sofuzo futhi asabekayo, owawungumnyaka 50%. Ngemva izizukulwane eziningana, abanye abantu baphelelwa homozygous ngoba isakhi sofuzo asabekayo abanye baze ke, futhi enye ingxenye ngabanye wayenawo womabili asabekayo futhi isakhi sofuzo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho ukusebenza kungancipha nezilwane asabekayo enikeziwe ithonya kwemvelo le allele asabekayo kungaba esikhundleni ngokuphelele evamile, okubangela amagagasi ethize labantu.

amagagasi omsakazo labantu

Kuzo zonke izizathu ezingase zithinte izici ambalwa sabantu, isikhundla ekuholeni elalihlala izimo zezulu, izici biotic kulokhu babelwa ngemuva. Nge yenani eliphansi zinhlobo eziningi abantu labantu kuncike isimo sezulu, amakhemikhali ukwakheka imvelo, kanye degree zalesi sithako.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izimbangela amagagasi labantu ukuthi ukucacisa ushintsho yenani labantu kuncike kwabantu bayo, noma ithonya elingakanani, kungakhathaliseki lokhu kulungiselelwa.

Abiotic futhi izici yabantu ngokuvamile musa kuxhomeke kwabantu labantu. ithonya biotic kakhulu sincike kuyo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuziphatha indawo, okuyinto ngokuhamba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yiyona indlela esebenza kakhulu esikuvimbela ukwanda isibalo abantu labantu. Ngakho, umsebenzi ngabanye olufanele kungagcini isikhala. Nge ukwanda isibalo ekuthuthukiseni mncintiswano intraspecific izinsiza noma ukuphikisana okuqondile (kuhlaselwa izimbangi).

amagagasi Population lincike izimpendulo kokuziphatha ophezulu labantu izimpawu isazela ukubukeka ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba. Kungase futhi ukuthuthukisa ukusabela ukucindezeleka lapho abantu beye bathuthuka kakhulu izici ezifana bokuphila ukuthi ukunciphisa wenzalo neqhaza abafayo anda. Ngakho, uma behlukaniswa oogenesis futhi spermatogenesis inqubo, izimo ezingasho yisisu, kunciphe isibalo abantu isizukulwane esisodwa futhi ukwanda phakathi nokuthomba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, encishisiwe ekunakekeleni zabo isazela abasha, ukuziphatha izinguquko - ulaka okwandisa, ubuzimu kungabonakala nasemkhakheni futhi impendulo engakufanelekele wobulili obuhlukile, okwagcina esehlisa usayizi sabantu.

Izici izinguquko labantu

izinqubo eziningi emvelweni elihlobene ne ekwandeni labantu izinombolo bhalobasar onek noma wendawo flash sifana wave, okuyinto, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, abizwa ngokuthi "amagagasi wokuphila". Isibonelo esingokoqobo ingashiwo nokwenyuka kwenani izinambuzane eziwuhlupho endaweni elilinganiselwe ehlathini. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, lezi zinambuzane labo abazokwazi ekuthumbeni endaweni bayanda, okuyinto isithombe ejwayelekile yokwanda kwabantu babo noma ukusatshalaliswa okuthiwa labantu wave. Ukwazi izici zomphakathi the labantu kanye nezici ezithile, ungakwazi kalula ukubala velocity esiphelweni we wave futhi kungenzeka izindlela ukulawula.

Ngokufanayo, umuntu angabona elichaza ubhubhane igagasi, ngakho lo mbono esetshenziswa ngempumelelo elichaza ukusatshalaliswa yizifo nezinhlupheko ezihlukahlukene, esheshisa inqubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa kufanele wenziwe labantu amagagasi zofuzo ngawo ukuchaza Lokusakaza isakhi esithile ku uhla yayo, okuyinto usesikhundleni labantu inikezwe.

Lo mshini wezenzo ngamagagasi labantu

Population wave kungenziwa elinesimo Ngokwesibonelo imodeli. Ngakho, ebhokisini avaliwe kuyinto omnyama 500 kuyinto amabhola amhlophe esilinganayo oluhambisana ukuvama allele-P 0.50. Uma ususe amabhola okungahleliwe 10 futhi uphethe ngokuthi zozine abe nombala omnyama, futhi 6 - omhlophe ke, ngokufanelekile, imvamisa allele kuyoba 0.40 futhi 0.60.

Uma sandisa isibalo amabhola ezikhathini 100 nge-400 omnyama 600 emhlophe, bese futhi uthathe noma okungahleliwe 10, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi umbala wabo isilinganiso kuyoba sihluke kakhulu kulo, isibonelo, 2 omnyama 8 emhlophe. Kulesi imvamisa allele kuyinto ngokulandelana P-0.20 no-P-0.80. Uma sithatha isampula lwesithathu, kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi 9 amabhola amhlophe edonswe edonswe kulezo ezingama-10 abakhethiwe, noma yebo bonke ngothi lwabo kuyodingeka umbala omhlophe.

Ngokusho lesi sibonelo kungaba ahlulele okungahleliwe ekushintshashintsheni imvamisa of alleles kwemiphakathi zemvelo, engase inciphise noma ukwandisa lokuhlushwa isakhi esithile.