Mncintiswano intraspecific, indima kanye kwabantu bayo izici

Umqondo mncintiswano uya wamboza sphere kwezomnotho, kodwa kwaqala zisengaphansi biology. Kuyini lokhu umqondo? Iyini indima mncintiswano endle? On amafomu netindlela wokuncintisana, bheka kamuva kulesi sihloko.

imiphumela ehlukene ku eziphilayo

Akekho noyedwa eziphilayo akusho sodvwa. Lizungezwe ezicini eziningana of Animate nemvelo ezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, ngo-ngandlela-thile ukuthi njalo uxhumana imvelo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Isidalwa esiphilayo sokuqala ukuba nomthelela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kunombolo izingxenye zalo zihlanganisa lithosphere, hydrosphere kanye nomkhathi. imisebenzi ebalulekile zezitshalo nezilwane kuhlobene nenani kwelanga, ukufinyelela emanzini, njalo njalo. D.

Obalulekile nomthelela yokuhlola eziphilayo futhi ekuhlanganyeleni nomunye. umphumela okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i-izici biotic, okubonakala njengoba umphumela eziphilayo ezitshalweni, nakho kuthinta imvelo ophilayo. biology yabo lihlukaniswa trophic (yokudla okunempilo ngokuvumelana ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo) lefanele, kunika tihlokwana (ngenhlonipho yezinguquko imvelo), fabricheskie (kuye ngendawo), foricheskie (kungenzeka noma ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ethutha omunye komunye umzimba) izici.

Ukuxhumana eziphilayo

Lapho efeza imisebenzi yalo ebalulekile eziphilayo ngokuqinisekile kuthinte "isikhala yangasese" of ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenzeka bobabili phakathi kwamalungu zohlobo olulodwa futhi ezihlukahlukene. Kuye nokuxhumana ayingozi noma cha, ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo hlangothi, emihle nemibi of ubudlelwano.

Ukuba nobuhlobo obuhle lapho kokubili umzimba ungatholi lutho ngokuthi neutralism. ukuxhumana Positive kubhekwa mutualism - a letihlomulisa co-khona abantu. Ngokuphelele sengqondo esingaqondile kungenziwa ngokuthi allelopathy, lapho kuhlalisana ilimaza zombili izinhlangothi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa intraspecific futhi interspecific mncintiswano.

Ezinye ubudlelwano nemiphumela ehlukile emzimbeni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho predation futhi parasitism omunye umzimba lokusinda ngakolunye noma uyazondla. Lapho commensalism umusa uthola ubuhlobo kuphela umhlanganyeli munye, enye, abathathi hlangothi. Lapho amensalizme emzimbeni munye ilimaza omunye, kodwa abazange bathole ukulimala noma okuhle.

mncintiswano

izici ezibalulekile ngenxa yokuphila evamile zezilwane, izitshalo, angenziwa futhi imvelo isikhala nsiza. Nge ukuntula kwabo umncintiswano kukhona phakathi eziphilayo. Lolu hlobo antibiosis - Ubuhlobo abasiphikisayo, lapho abantu ezahlukene bephoqeleka ukuba alwe zavela.

Ukubanga endle ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho abantu banezidingo efanayo. Uma le mpi kwenzeka phakathi abantu zenye, kuba umncintiswano intraspecific, uma ehlukene - interspecific.

Ukuncintisana eziphilayo zingaba obala, kwaphazamiseka ngokuqondile ekuphileni abaphikisi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho izimpande zezinye izitshalo acindezele abanye, noma ezinye izilwane bayaxoshwa kusukela hot spot. Umncintiswano kungaba futhi engaqondile. It kubonakala lapho Umphikisi izikhandle kakhudlwana ekufuneni abhubhise nazo zonke ezidingo ezidingekayo.

mncintiswano intraspecific

Izibonelo umzabalazo intraspecific kungabonwa kaningi. Lolu hlobo lwe-mncintiswano siyenzeka phakathi abantu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwenani. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu sakhiwo lesifanako eziphilayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izidingo ezifanayo yizici zemvelo kanye nokudla.

mncintiswano intraspecific Buqinile kuka interspecific. Ukubonakaliswa sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi kungabonakala ukurhunyezwa insimu phakathi kwabantu. Ngakho, nebhere osale zemithi uzipho amamaki, isixwayiso khona yayo. Ukuze division of isikhala ngokuvamile zisebenzisa nephunga, ukukhala elikhulu alamu. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu bamane ukuhlasela nomunye.

Uma kukhona umncintiswano izinsiza, ngezinye izikhathi kuba engalingani. Kulokhu, uhlangothi kuba namandla ukudlula omunye ehlupheka. Ngenxa yalokho wokuncintisana intraspecific ekugcineni omunye imiphakathi inganyamalala noma ishintshe.

Kungani kukhona umncintiswano?

Munye walemisebenti ebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo ukuze usinde, kanjalo wadlulisela enzalweni okungcono zofuzo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, cleaner imvelo, ngoba lokhu akukho isithiyo, futhi ngakho ke akukho umbango.

mncintiswano intraspecific zenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zendawo ezimbi, lapho umzimba uphoqelekile ukuba alwe ukukhanya, amanzi noma ukudla. izimo ezinzima kungaholela ushintsho uhlobo umjikeleto wemphilo, ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Nokho, lokhu akudingekile. Ngezinye izikhathi mncintiswano kwenzeka uma abantu afakazela ilungelo ukubusa emhlambini, umhlambi noma ngenxa yokuqhosha. Lokhu ukuziphatha okwenzeka ezilwaneni lapho nezicukuthwane athuthukile.

Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-ukuminyana labantu. ukukhula ngokweqile labantu zenye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuholela ukuntuleka kwezinsiza, okungase kuholele nokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kwezinye zezinto eziphilayo, ezifana namagundane, ngisho kubonakala isifo ukushaqeka. ikhono lezilwane ande ngokushesha incipha, kodwa kwandisa ezifweni ezifweni ezihlukahlukene.

Iqhaza kanye nezindlela wokuncintisana

Umncintiswano buyindlela ebalulekile ngokwemvelo. Endaweni yokuqala ibizwa okuhloswe ngayo ukulawula inani ngabanye. Ngamunye zilwane siqu ukuminyana inani layo ovumelekile, lapho abantu ngaphakathi ababodwa kuba kakhulu, zibandakanya ukulawula izindlela. Ukuze afeze lesi sabelo, nemvelo isebenzisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ngokwempilo yangenyama landa, division zensimu.

Esimeni semakhaya labantu eliphezulu futhi isikhala elinganiselwe, abanye abantu bangase eshiya indawo ayijwayele, nokuthuthukisa omunye. Ngakho kusukela labantu ababili ukuma efanayo ehlukile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa a Ukusakazwa kabanzi zinhlobo futhi basinde izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu. Izinhlobo ezithile le nqubo - isikhathi, isibonelo e ezinyonini ezifudukayo.

Ngenxa yalokho wokuncintisana intraspecific ekugcineni ukusinda ngabanye sizinze kakhulu futhi iphila. izimfanelo zabo bokuphila zofuzo ngobulili, futhi ngaleyo ndlela neqhaza ngcono kwezinhlobo.

Izibonelo intraspecific kanye nokuncintisana interspecific

Hlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo mncintiswano akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuze uqonde lokhu kangcono ongaboni. Isibonelo mncintiswano interspecific singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela "ukunqoba" phezu abamnyama grey rat. Bangabakhe uhlobo lwe efanayo, kodwa kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene. rat Gray kuyinto kakhulu ngobudlova futhi wabusa ngobukhulu, ngakho kalula akwazi ukuba azixoshe black emakhaya abantu. Kodwa abanzima isivakashi njalo ku basolwandle imikhumbi.

Njengoba eyisibonelo mncintiswano intraspecific kungaba ukusho ubuzimu, okuyinto kugujwa mayelana 1300 zezilwane. mantis Abesifazane nidle owesilisa ngemuva ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa ngokushesha. Ukuziphatha efanayo bubonakala amaphakethe, UMFELOKAZI. Scorpions futhi salamanders udle wenzalo yabo. Abaningi ibhungane izibungu udle abafo wabo.

Uhlobo kokuncintisana kuyinto territoriality. Senzeka inhlanzi, penguin neningi lezinye izinyoni. Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela, abavumelekile abameleli zazo ensimini yayo, okuyinto kuqashelwe ngokucophelela.

Umncintiswano izitshalo

Izitshalo, nakuba kungaba kungesobala ukuhlasela abaphikisi ukumethusa, futhi, ukuba nezindlela zabo wokuncintisana. umzabalazo wabo ikakhulu ngoba ukukhanya, amanzi kanye isikhala. Esikhathini kwezimo ezinzima khona wokuncintisana intraspecific izitshalo ke kubonakala ngesimo self-thinning.

Le nqubo iqala imbewu ukusatshalaliswa endaweni futhi bamba isitshalo. izithombo lihluma angeke athuthukisa ngendlela efanayo, abanye ezikhulayo ngentshiseko, abanye kancane. izihlahla ezinde nge kuhlakazeka umqhele akusibekele nezinye izihlahla, ukuthatha wonke amandla elanga ngokwayo, nezimpande zawo eziqinile kuyendlulela indlela eya izakhamzimba. Ngakho zezitshalo ezincane ababuthakathaka abune futhi bafe.

Umncintiswano uboniswa efomini sangaphandle izitshalo. Abamele zenye ingahluka kakhulu, kuye ngamaphuzu lokwehlukaniswa zazo kwezinye izilwane. Buka lesi simanga kungaba oki. ezikhulayo Endaweni ehlukile, it has a ezibanzi, umqhele lisakazeka. Amagatsha engezansi oqinile futhi athuthukiswe kahle, akahlukile phezulu. Ehlathini, phakathi kwezinye izihlahla, amagatsha engezansi awukwazi ukuthola ukukhanya okwanele futhi bafe. Oak iba ewumngcingo, ukuma side umqhele esikhundleni eyindilinga.

isiphetho

Umncintiswano ingenye izinhlobo zobuhlobo. Kuthatha indawo phakathi zonke izinto eziphilayo ngothi lwawo. Inhloso ngqangi yalo mncintiswano kubhekwa ukulawula kwabantu ngabanye, kanye okwandisa ikhono lazo ukusinda. mncintiswano ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa emzabalazweni ukudla, amanzi, ukukhanya noma indawo. Kungenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka abukhali esisodwa kulezi.

Umncintiswano ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi izinhlobo banezidingo efanayo. Kukhula ukufana ezintweni eziphilayo, ukulwa namandla futhi nolaka. Ukuncintisana izinsiza kungaba abantu bazo zombili eyodwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene. ngokuvamile mncintiswano intraspecific kunjalo ukusungulwa umuntu ovelele, kanye labantu ekubeni ngokweqile.