ICaspian uthi: ikhadi umngcele. Yiliphi izwe ubizwa wageza ngu yoLwandle iCaspian?

Kuze kube manje, Ziphikisana mayelana nesimo yoLwandle iCaspian ifikile. Iqiniso ukuthi, naphezu kwegama layo langempela, kusenzima esibulalayo ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Sea lalibizwa ngenxa izici has isakhiwo phansi. Lakhiwa uqweqwe wasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi olwandle anosawoti omningi. Thanda kolwandle, kukhona ngokuvamile iziphepho waphawula futhi imimoya enamandla ukuthi ukukhulisa kwamagagasi aphakeme.

geography

OLwandle iCaspian itholakala lapho kwakuphambana khona eYurophu nase-Asia. Ngesimo, lisikhumbuza omunye izinhlamvu zamagama - S. I Kusukela eningizimu ukuze ulwandle enyakatho isingamakhilomitha 1200 km, futhi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - kusuka km 195 kuya 435.

indawo iCaspian Sea akuyona iyunifomu ezimweni yayo ngokomzimba nokuma kwezwe. Kule ndaba ke evamile ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye 3. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Nyakatfo kanye Ephakathi naseNingizimu iCaspian.

amazwe riparian

Yiliphi izwe ubizwa wageza ngu yoLwandle iCaspian? Kukhona kuphela ezinhlanu:

1. Russia, etholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasentshonalanga. Ugu lokhu isimo kanye yoLwandle iCaspian kuyinto 695 km. Lapha zitholakala ingxenye yeRussia Kalmykia, Dagestan nesifunda Astrakhan.
2. Kazakhstan. Kuyinto izwe ku yoLwandle iCaspian, esisogwini empumalanga enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ubude ugu lwayo kuyinto 2320 km.
3. Turkmenistan. Imephu iCaspian uthi ibonisa ukuthi izwe itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga umcengezi amanzi. Ubude elitholakala agudle ogwini kuyinto 1200 km.
4. Azerbaijan. Lesi simo, okuyinto welula kanye yoLwandle iCaspian at 955 km, emngceleni ngasogwini lwalo eningizimu-ntshonalanga.
5. Iran. Imephu iCaspian uthi ibonisa ukuthi izwe esisogwini olusentshonalanga oluseningizimu yeChibi undrained. Ubude kwemingcele yayo zasolwandle kuyinto 724 km.

ICaspian - Sea?

Kuze kube manje, lo akukasonjululwa indlela yokushayela le umzimba esiyingqayizivele yamanzi. Futhi impendulo yalo mbuzo ibalulekile. Iqiniso lokuthi wonke amazwe iCaspian Sea kukhona e izithakazelo esifundeni uqobo. Nokho, umbuzo ngendlela yokuhlukanisa lokhu umzimba omkhulu wamanzi, ohulumeni emihlanu awukwazi ukunquma isikhathi eside. Umbango main waphenduka lapha. ICaspian Sea - kusenzima ulwandle noma echibini? Futhi impendulo yalo mbuzo sikhathazeka kakhulu hhayi zokuma kwendawo. Okokuqala kubalulekile nabezombusazwe. Lokhu kungenxa isicelo komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

uthi iCaspian ezifana Kazakhstan neRussia, bakholelwa ukuthi imingcele yabo esifundeni bahlanza ngasolwandle. Kule ndaba, abameleli kwala mazwe womabili singaphoqi isicelo UN Convention, esenziwa ngo-1982, kumayelana umthetho zasolwandle. Izinhlinzeko zalesi dokhumenti iveza ukuthi izifundazwe ezisogwini kunikezwa zone amanzi dvenadtsatimilnaya kanye yayo imingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe unalo ilungelo lokuthatha kwezomnotho zasolwandle ndawo. Itholakala at ibanga elingamakhilomitha anamakhulu mabini. Unelungelo uMbuso ugu futhi eshalofini ezwekazini. Nokho, ngisho ingxenye okubanzi yoLwandle iCaspian iyincane kuka imibhalo ngamazwe kude. Kulokhu, isimiso komugqa lesemkhatsini singasetshenziswa. Kulokhu, lo iCaspian uthi nge ngezinga elikhulu kwemingcele ugu, uzothola nsimu enkulu ulwandle.

Iran kulokhu umbono kushiwo. Amalungu ayo bakholelwa ukuthi yoLwandle iCaspian kufanele ihlukaniswe angabacwasi. Kulokhu, wonke amazwe uzothola amaphesenti amabili endaweni yasolwandle. Isikhundla Tehran olusemthethweni ongakuqonda. Nale isixazululo, udaba isimo ezophatha endaweni kunangendlela emgqeni ulwandle kuhlukane phakathi.

Nokho, yoLwandle iCaspian unyaka nonyaka kakhulu izinguquko level yayo amanzi. Akunakwenzeka ukunquma umugqa yazo ephakathi nendawo futhi yokuhlukanisa insimu phakathi uthi. Enjalo emazweni iCaspian Sea ezifana Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan neRussia yasayina isivumelwano nomunye, belinganisa phansi lezo zindawo lapho amaqembu ngeke basebenzise amalungelo abo kwezomnotho. Ngakho, kulezi zindawo enyakatho yolwandle ifinyelele kuthula ezithile ezingokomthetho. Southern amazwe iCaspian Yasolwandle Eya E isinqumo ezivamile alikafiki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ababoni ukuthi izivumelwano safinyelela omakhelwane enyakatho.

ICaspian Sea - echibini?

Baleli umbono esekelwe yokuthi umzimba yamanzi, etholakala lapho kwakuphambana khona eYurophu nase-Asia, ivaliwe. Kulokhu, akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa idokhumenti imithetho komthetho zasolwandle ngamazwe. Abasekeli balobu theory bakholelwa ukuthi wayeqinisile, ebhekisela yokuthi yoLwandle iCaspian Alukho uxhumano yemvelo ne Umhlaba Ocean. Kodwa lokhu kuphakamisa omunye nobunzima. Uma leli chibi yoLwandle iCaspian, ku imingcele kulokho namazinga omhlaba kufanele kuchazwe at amanzi expanses yayo? Ngeshwa, le mibhalo abangazange okwamanje lakhiwe. Iqiniso lokuthi imibuzo echibini ngamazwe kuphi futhi akekho kuxoxwa.

ICaspian Sea - umzimba eziyingqayizivele amanzi?

Ngaphandle okungenhla kunesinye, iphuzu wesithathu buka ku ubulungu walo mzimba emangalisayo yamanzi. abasekeli bakhe baba nombono wokuthi yoLwandle iCaspian kufanele obonwa umcengezi amanzi ngamazwe, okuqondene ngokulinganayo wonke amazwe alo angomakhelwane. Ngokombono wabo, imithombo zakule ndawo zingaphansi ukusebenza ahlangene emazweni angomakhelwane nge echibini.

zokuphepha

uthi iCaspian ukwenza wonke umzamo ukuze uxazulule zonke umehluko okhona. Futhi izenzakalo ezinhle kungenziwa waphawula kule ndaba. Esinye sezinyathelo ekuxazululeni izinkinga iCaspian esifundeni, ingabe abavumelana ngakho ngemvume 18.11.2010, phakathi kwawo wonke amazwe ayisihlanu. Lihlobene nezindaba wokubambisana emkhakheni wokuphepha. Kulo mbhalo, emazweni bavumelana ngokuhlanganyela ukuqeda ubuphekula esifundeni umsebenzi, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukushushumbisa, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho zemali, nokunye. D.

Ukuvikelwa Environmental

Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Le ndawo eyodwa lapho le iCaspian uthi eYurophu nase-Asia - isifunda engaphansi usongo yokungcola ezimbonini. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan futhi Azerbaijan kuwa ku amanzi iCaspian imfucumfucu kusukela ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa energy. Futhi kula mazwe kukhona inqwaba ishiywe imithombo kawoyela ezingenziwanga bexhashazwa ngenxa yokufelwa, kodwa namanje uqhubeka ukuba longasimuhle imvelo. Njengoba for Iran, ke phinda emanzini olwandle imfucuza ekulimeni nendle. Russia okusongelayo emvelweni esifundeni ukungcola ezimbonini. Lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi wezomnotho ukuthi kule ndawo ye iVolga.

amazwe iCaspian Sea baye benza ezinye intuthuko ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zemvelo. Ngakho, kusukela 12.08.2007, esifundeni has Framework amandla Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows, lobeka umgomo yokuvikela yoLwandle iCaspian. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we athuthukile umphako Ukuvikelwa kwezinsiza yemvelo kanye nokuphathwa komuntu izici imiphumela imvelo yasemanzini. Ngokusho lokhu Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows, amaqembu kumele basebenzisane ukuze ziqhube imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa isimo emvelweni e yoLwandle iCaspian.

Ngo-2011 no-2012, wonke amazwe amahlanu ongene kanye namanye amaphepha emvume ezifanelekayo ukuvikelwa imvelo yasolwandle. Phakathi kwabo:

• UHlelo Lokudlulisa phezu Cooperation, Response nokulungela lesifunda phezu okuvela izimo, okuholela ukungcola uwoyela.
• Protocol eziphathelene lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela esifundeni ukungcola ezivela emithonjeni umhlaba ezisekelwe.

iphayiphi Development

Kuze kube manje, esifundeni iCaspian is ezingaxazululeki enye inkinga. Kumayelana kubekwa ka wegesi Nabucco. Lo mbono umsebenzi obalulekile yecebo West ne-United States, abaqhubeka ukucinga zamandla, okunye Russian. Yingakho ekubhekaneni nale nkinga amaqembu azisebenzi amazwe ezifana Kazakhstan, Iran, yebo, Russian. Brussels naseWashington isitatimende Isetshenziswa kaMongameli Turkmenistan eyenziwe Baku ku 18.11.2010, engqungqutheleni izinhloko iCaspian amazwe. Ziyakwazi nezikhulu Ashgabat ukwakhiwa ngokuphathelene iphayiphi kwahlongozwa. Iziphathimandla Turkmen bakholelwa ukuthi iphrojekthi lufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwemvume yayo ukwakhiwa iphayiphi kufanele banikwe kuphela kulabo States, e amasimu phansi ngalo likhona. Futhi lokho Turkmenistan futhi Azerbaijan. Iran neRussia baye bakuphikisa ngokunamandla sikhundla futhi iphrojekthi ngokwayo. Kulokhu, laliqondiswa ukuvikelwa semvelo iCaspian Sea. Kuze kube manje, ukwakhiwa iphayiphi akuyona olwenziwa ngenxa ukungavumelani wabahlanganyeli phrojekthi.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the isiqongo lokuqala

amazwe iCaspian Sea njalo ngifuna izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga ngokucindezela esifundeni Eurasia. Kuze kube yimanje, ihlelwe ukuba kwenziwe umhlangano okhethekile nabameli babo. Ngakho, esiqongweni lokuqala iCaspian uthi Littoral owawuse ngo-April 2002. I-indawo kwaba Ashgabat. Nokho, umhlangano kuntsandvo okulindele. Le ngqungquthela kubhekwe ukuhluleka ngenxa izidingo Iran I-division of the indawo kolwandle ibe izingxenye 5 alinganayo. Lokhu sebekubeke kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe. nababamele ukuvikela iphuzu zabo umbono ukuthi ubukhulu bamanzi kazwelonke kufanele luhambisane ubude, okuyinto ugu isimo.

Ngeshwa esiqongweni futhi kwabangela impikiswano ephakathi Ashgabat futhi Baku ku izimpahla emikhakheni emithathu uwoyela etholakala maphakathi yoLwandle iCaspian. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhloko ezinhlanu izifunda athuthukile kuvumelana nanoma iyiphi kuzo zonke izimpikiswano ezaphakama. Nokho, isivumelwano ukuze kubanjwe imbizo yesibili. Wayengumuntu owawuzoba 2003 e Baku.

Eyesibili iCaspian isiqongo

Naphezu izivumelwano ezikhona, enifeza umhlangano kuhlelwe lihlehliselwe ngonyaka. Engqungqutheleni izinhloko iCaspian uthi yesibili bahlangana 16.10.2007 kuphela Indawo baba Tehran. Umhlangano kuxoxwa izindaba nezokusigcoba eziphathelene kwencazelo ngesimo esingokomthetho umzimba esiyingqayizivele yamanzi, okuyinto yoLwandle iCaspian. kwemingcele yezizwe nabakwenzayo lokhu ngaphakathi amanzi kwesigaba ziye abavume nokubhalwa kombuthano entsha. Futhi zizwakalise ukukhathazeka ukuphepha, ezemvelo, kwezomnotho nokubambisana lamazwe riparian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yomsebenzi abangu ngokufingqiwe, okuyinto isimo labetibambile esiqongweni kuqala. E Tehran, abamele ezifundazwe ezinhlanu baye bathola izindlela zokubambisana okwengeziwe esifundeni.

Umhlangano ngesikhathi Okwesithathu Summit

Nakulokhu futhi, ikhanda lamazwe iCaspian elalihlangana Baku 18.11.2010 Umphumela wale ngqungquthela kwaba ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano ukuze sandise izindaba zokuphepha nokubambisana ngokuphathelene. Phakathi nomhlangano ke Kwavezwa ukuthi abanye yezwe wageza ngu yoLwandle iCaspian, kuphela kudingeka uhlinzeke counter-ubuphekula, yobugebengu bomhlaba, ayanda kwezikhali, nokunye. D.

isiqongo wesine

Nakulokhu futhi, iCaspian uthi bazwakalise ukukhathazeka kwabo Astrakhan 29.09.2014 Emhlanganweni komongameli lamazwe amahlanu ngemvume ukuthembeka kwesinye isitatimende.

It wabhala ohlangothini okukhethekile ilungelo lamazwe ugu endaweni iCaspian amabutho ahlomile. Kodwa emhlanganweni isimo iCaspian Sea ayizange ekugcineni kushintshwe.