Stomata ezitshalweni: Ukukhonjwa, indawo, umsebenzi. Meaning of stomata ezitshalweni ukuphefumula

I stomata simila - pore, atholakala epidermis izingqimba. Zisetshenziswa ukuhwamuka ngokweqile kwamanzi kanye negesi lokushintshisana imbali nge imvelo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá baba waziwa ngo-1675, lapho isazi semvelo Marcello Malpighi eshicilelwe ukutholakala kwakhe Anatome plantarum. Nokho, akazange akwazi ukuxazulula isizathu sazo sangempela, owawungumnyaka umfutho sokuthuthukiswa imicabango esizayo nocwaningo.

History of the cwaningo

baton Landelayo wathatha Marcello wesimanje - Neemiya Gryu. Wasikisela ukuthi ukubaluleka stomata ku umoya izitshalo ezifanayo ukuze indima uqhoqhoqho izinambuzane, futhi ngezindlela ezithile Ukuqagela yakhe kwakuthandeka iqiniso.

Ekhulwini XIX, intuthuko eside elindelwe ocwaningweni. Ngenxa Hugo von Thandaza noSimoni Schwendener waziwa Isimiso esiyisisekelo stomata kanye ngezigaba zabo ngohlobo isakhiwo.

Ukutholakala kwalezi zinto abahlinzeke yisisusa esinamandla ukuqonda ukusebenza eside, kodwa ezinye izici izifundo esidlule uqhubeke ukuba zihlolwe kuze kube manje.

isakhiwo ishidi

Lezi izingxenye zalesi sihlahla, njengoba epidermis futhi stomata, ubheke ilungiselelo yangaphakathi ishidi, kodwa kufanele siqale sihlole Sakhiwo sangaphandle yayo. Ngakho, uhlu kuhlanganisa:

• Leaf ipuleti - flat, nezimo ingxenye, obhekene-photosynthesis, negesi lokushintshisana, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye esiphelweni vegetative (yezinhlobo ezithile).
• Izisekelo okuyinto Indwangu ezemfundo, esebenza ukwandisa plate kanye stem. Futhi nalo ishidi unamathele stem.
• Stipule - pair kumiswa base, ivikela axillary efihlekile.
• Petiole - ishidi ingxenye tapered yokuxhuma ungcwecwe ngengxube stem. Uyena obangela imisebenzi ebalulekile: orientation nokukhanya nokukhula ngokusebenzisa Indwangu zemfundo.

I yangaphandle isakhiwo ishidi kuyohlukahluka kuye ukuma kanye nohlobo (elula / eziyinkimbinkimbi) kodwa zonke izingxenye ezibalwe ngenhla njalo samanje.

For Amadivayisi yangaphakathi zihlanganisa epidermis futhi stomata, futhi ezihlukahlukene ukwakha izindwangu kanye emithanjeni. Ngamunye izici has isakhiwo ayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, indwangu ukumboza ka elingaphandle ohlangothini ipuleti yakhiwa ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, ezahlukene isayizi shape. I olukha phezulu kakhulu ezithinta obala evumela elangeni ukuze ukungena ishidi.

amaseli ezincane elise kancane ezijulile aqukethe chloroplast, anikeza amaqabunga oluhlaza. Ngenxa izakhiwo zabo, babizwa ngokuthi Trailing. Kuye ngezinga hydration bese onomfutho, phakathi kwabo kwakha umqhewu stomatal.

isakhiwo

Ubude stomata zalesi sihlahla iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo kanye nobungako Ukusabalala elamukelayo. ikhule ezimbotsheni Iningi ezinkulu singafinyelela Usayizi 1 cm. Bakha amaseli stoma unogada elawula izinga wokuvula yayo.

Mshini ukunyakaza kwabo kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezahlukene zinhlobo ahlukile. Iningi lazo - kuye ngokuthi ezingeni amanzi chloroplast - izicubu turgor Amangqamuzana kokubili ukwehla kanye nokwanda, kanjalo ngokulungisa kuvulwa stomata.

Injongo umqhewu stomatal

Mhlawumbe, asikho isidingo ukuhlala kulokhu isici, njengoba umsebenzi leaf. UJuda uyazi kahle ngisho wesikole. Kodwa ezihlangabezana stomata? Umsebenti wabo - ukuqinisekisa transpiration (inqubo ukunyakaza amanzi ngokusebenzisa nezitshalo ukuhwamuka yayo ngokusebenzisa izitho zangaphandle ezifana amaqabunga, sifanamsindvo nezimbali), okuyinto ibangelwa ngenxa umsebenzi unogada amaseli. Le ndlela yokwenza ivikela isitshalo ngokumelene omiswe kushisa futhi kuvimbela inqubo elibi baqala ngaphansi kwezimo umswakama ngokweqile. Ukusebenza kwawo ilula: lapho ubukhulu balokho okusamanzi kumaseli hhayi ophezulu esanele odongeni ukuwa kanye stomatal umqhewu uvala ngenkathi esaziwa edingekayo ukusekela okuqukethwe umswakama.

Kunalokho, overabundance yayo kuholela yokucindezeleka okwandayo nokuvulwa pores, lapho umswakama ngokweqile iyasha. Ngenxa yalokhu, indima stomata e ukupholisa izitshalo futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu, njengoba izinga lokushisa komoya kuyehla emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa transpiration.

Awu ngezansi igebe kuyinto umgodi emoyeni, esebenza ngoba negesi lokushintshisana. Air engena isitshalo ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni, ukuze kuqhutshwe uqale inqubo ye-photosynthesis nokuphefumula kwezimila. umoya-mpilo okweqile ke akhishwe emkhathini ngokusebenzisa zonke umqhewu efanayo stomatal. Kulokhu, khona layo noma ukungabi livame ukusetshenziswa Ukwahlukaniswa izitshalo.

ishidi umsebenzi

Ishidi umzimba yangaphandle, ngokusebenzisa okuyisona-photosynthesis, emishinini yokuphefumula, transpiration, Guttation futhi esiphelweni vegetative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyakwazi buthelela umswakama kanye udaba eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa stomata, kodwa futhi ahlinzeke okukhulu bokwenza kuya ezindaweni isitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba amanzi - main imvelo intracellular, excretion balo nokusakazwa kwalo uketshezi ngaphakathi kwesihlahla noma imbali kubaluleke ngezinga elifanayo ngomsebenzi walo. Kulokhu simila ubamba% 0.2 kuphela umswakama odlulayo therethrough, engxenyeni esele iya transpiration futhi Guttation, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa ukunyakaza nosawoti wamaminerali ziyoncibilika kanye nokupholisa.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha vegetative ngokuvamile kwenzeka zokukwenza futhi ukhula lwenkohlakalo egcwele eshiya izimbali. izitshalo eziningi zasendlini etshalwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba indlela kuphela alondoloze ukuhlanzeka izinhlobo.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amaqabunga Ushintshe ukusiza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho ku-ameva ka izimila zasogwadule kusiza ekwehliseni umswakama ukuhwamuka, izimpondo agqamise ekunqandeni umsebenzi, kanye nosayizi omkhulu avame ukusetshenziswa ukulondolozwa uketshezi nezakhi lapho izimo zezulu ungavumeli amasheya ukuze sizondle njalo.

Futhi uhlu alupheli. Lapho kunzima ukuba uphawule ukuthi le misebenzi zingezokunikeza leaf izimbali nezihlahla okufanayo.

Kwezinye izitshalo akudingeki stomata?

Kusukela stomatal inqunywe nobuntu izitshalo ephakeme, itholakala zonke izinhlobo, futhi ngephutha sikholelwe ayinalo, ngisho noma akukho muthi noma imbali amahlamvu. Okuwukuphela komehluko kokubusa kelp nezinye ulwelwe.

Isakhiwo stomata kanye nomsebenzi wabo AmaConifers, Izinhlobo, horsetails, ezintantayo futhi izitshalo mossy zihlukile zezimbali. Iningi lazo inqunywe usuku ovulekile futhi bahlanganyele negesi lokushintshisana futhi transpiration; Okuhlukile Cacti futhi amaSucculents, ogama ikhule ezimbotsheni avulekele ebusuku naseduze lapho kuqala ekuseni ukuze bonge amanzi e Ezindaweni ezinesomiso.

I stomata zalesi sihlahla, ogama amaqabunga ukuntanta phezu kwamanzi, zitholakala kuphela ungqimba engenhla epidermis, futhi "ngaphandle kokuzivivinya" eshiya - ezansi. I nezinye izinhlobo zalezi Slots abakhona nhlangothi zombili plate.

Indawo stomata

Ngo izitshalo dicotyledonous izimbotshana stomatal esisogwini zombili izinhlangothi ipuleti ishidi, kodwa inani labo ezansi inkudlwana ukwedlula phezulu. Lo mehluko wenza kungenxa isidingo ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka umswakama ebusweni kahle esikhanyayo ishidi.

Ukuze monocots akukho imininingwane ku indawo stomata, ngoba incike isiqondiso zokukhula amapuleti. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqabunga epidermis isitshalo, ngamakhasimende thwi, iqukethe inani elifanayo ikhule ezimbotsheni phezulu futhi ungqimba aphansi.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amaqabunga elintantayo phezu underside we stomatal inqunywe ngingekho, ngoba zimunce amanzi ngokusebenzisa cuticle, kanye izitshalo emanzini ngokugcwele ukuthi babe ezifana kude akukho.

Stomata ka AmaConifers zitholakala ezijulile ngaphansi endoderm, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ikhono lazo transpiration.

Futhi, njengoba indawo ihlukile mayelana kobuso epidermis. Slots kungenzeka ahambisana namanye amangqamuzana "isikhumba" hamba ngenhla noma ngezansi, ukwakha imigqa avamile noma nemiyalezo bahlakazeka phezu izicubu enamathela.

Cacti, sukullentov nezinye izitshalo kabani amahlamvu bengekho noma okushintshiwe futhi uguqulwe izinaliti, le stomata zitholakala ngeziqu kanye nenyama.

izinhlobo

I stomata zalesi sihlahla zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi kuye ngokuthi indawo amaseli ohambisana:

• Anomotsitny - uthathwa njengomgcini ezivamile, lapho ohlangothini kuyizinhlayiyana akahlukile nabanye ezisesandleni epidermis. Njengomunye zokuguqulwa yakhe elula kungenziwa ngokuthi hlobo laterotsitny.
• Paracytic - elinesimo parallel amaseli angomakhelwane ohambisana stomatal isihlobo umqhewu.
• Diatsitny - has ezimbili kuphela ohlangothini-izinhlayiya.
• Anizotsitny - thayipha izitshalo kuphela zom esingokwemvelo, namaseli ezintathu elihambisana nalesi sihloko, enye yazo luhluke ngosayizi.
• Tetratsitny - kuyinto ejwayelekile monocots, inamaseli ezine eyayihambisana nalo.
• Entsiklotsitny - kukhona kuyizinhlayiyana ohlangothini zivaliwe emhlabeni indandatho ukukhiya.
• Peritsitny - evamile stoma, engahlangene eyeseli elikulesi sihloko ngaye.
• Desmotsitny - ihlukile uhlobo wangaphambili kuphela khona kokubonisa Slots ngento ezivelayo.

Nazi kuphela ezichumayo.

Effect Izici Ezenza Environmental kwi Sakhiwo sangaphandle ishidi

Sokusinda izitshalo kubaluleke kakhulu ngezinga nesimo sengqondo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezimanzi libhekene ezinkulu leaf amapuleti inqwaba stomata, ngesikhathi Ezindaweni ezinesomiso, leli washi izenzo ehlukile. Kungekho zimbali noma imithi musa ihluke ngobukhulu, futhi nenombolo kwehliselwe kakhulu, ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka ngokweqile.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi izingxenye izitshalo ngaphansi kwethonya emvelweni ongayilindele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi kuthinta inani stomata.