I physiology inhliziyo yomuntu

I physiology inhliziyo isetshenziswe ngendlela lapho noma yimuphi udokotela kumele baqonde. Lolu lwazi kubalulekile kakhulu umkhuba emtholampilo bese uvumele ukuqonda inhliziyo kungokwemvelo ukuba uqhathanise ukusebenza uma isifo imisipha yenhliziyo lapho kudingeka.

Yini umsebenzi we imisipha yenhliziyo?

Ukuze uqale ukuba baqonde lokho okufundiswa umsebenzi inhliziyo, the physiology umzimba uyobe kangcono. Ngakho, umsebenzi oyinhloko imisipha yenhliziyo uzotshala igazi umthambo ku umfula kushiwo ngejubane Rhythmic, okuyinto kwakha umyela ingcindezi lokho kusho ukuhamba kwayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Lokho umsebenzi inhliziyo ukunikeza kwegazi umyalezo igazi energy kinetic. Abantu abaningi bahlobanisa myocardium nge futha. Kuphela, ngokungafani kule indlela, inhliziyo has a ukusebenza high nesivinini transients olubushelelezi kanye nesilinganiso sokuphepha. Ngesikhathi izicubu inhliziyo avuselelwa njalo.

Ukusakazwa futhi izingxenye zalo

Ukuze siqonde physiology ukuzungeza inhliziyo igazi, kuyaqondakala, yiziphi izingxenye kwegazi.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi inezigaba ezine: senhliziyo esilimele, imithambo yegazi, isiqondiso indlela nemizimba, okuyizinto pool igazi. Lolu hlelo - isakhi we senhliziyo uhlelo ingxenye (futhi uhlelo lymph kufakwe ohlelweni senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi).

Ngenxa yakamuva uhlelo igazi ihamba kahle ngokusebenzisa izitsha. Kodwa kukhona bathonywe izinto ezifana: umsebenzi imisipha yenhliziyo njengendlela "futha" ingcindezi ezingeni umehluko esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ama-valve inhliziyo futhi imithambo ukuvimbela igazi eligeleza emuva, nesizungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nomthelela kuyaqina isitsha izindonga, ingcindezi intrapleural ezimbi, lapho igazi "izinti" futhi kalula uphindela enhliziyweni ngemithambo futhi ukuphoqa yesisindo igazi. Ngokunciphisa igazi bephushelwa, lwamathambo imisipha ukuphefumula kuba njalo futhi ezinzima, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni yokuthi ingcindezi pleural kuyehla, kukhuphuke proprioceptors umsebenzi, okwandisa excitability we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi inhliziyo imisipha contractile imvamisa.

ukuzungeza

Emzimbeni womuntu kukhona kwegazi ezimbili: ezinkulu nezincane. Kanye inhliziyo, akha irherho le-closed-loop. Icubungula physiology izitsha inhliziyo negazi, kumelwe ziqondwe njengoba igazi ukhiphela kubo.

Emuva ngo-1553, M. uServetus wachaza yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini. Yena evela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla bese engena isiqu yamaphaphu bese lingena emaphashini. Kuyinto in exchange wamaphaphu igesi Kwenziwa ke igazi ligijima ngemithambo ukukhanya engena ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele. Ngenxa yalesi kukhona oxygenation igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo, ke agelezela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele, obuhlehlela emuva emjikelezweni enkulu.

Mayelana letindzala kwegazi esintwini kwaziwa e-1685, futhi kwavula uWilliam yakhe Harvey. Ngokusho izinto eziyisisekelo physiology inhliziyo futhi sokujikeleza kwegazi, igazi liye ahlanganiswe oksijini, ihamba ngebhayisikili aorta, elibangise esibuthakathaka ezincane lapho is adluliselwe ku-kwezitho nezicubu. Kuzo, negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka.

Futhi emzimbeni womuntu kukhona yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi vena cava nkinga phakathi ATRIUM kwesokudla. Ngokusho kwakhe ezihambayo igazi emithambo yegazi, equkethe-mpilo omncane. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kumbuthano lwemithambo yegazi ezinkulu sidlula yegazi emithambo yegazi - ngemithambo. Esikhathini indilinga lencane nxazonke.

I physiology inhliziyo futhi semithambo uhlelo

Manje ake sibone ukuthi ngokuningiliziwe physiology inhliziyo. Myocardium kuyinto striated kwemisipha izicubu, okuyinto yakhiwa emangqamuzaneni akhethekile okuthiwa ama cardiomyocytes ngabanye. Lezi maseli oxhumene ukwakha Nexus kanye muscle fibre zenhliziyo. Myocardium akuyona anatomically umzimba lephelele, kodwa isebenza njengoba syncytium. Nexus ngokushesha ukuqhuba excitation kusukela kwesinye isitokisi bazifake kwesinye.

Ngokwe physiology inhliziyo isakhiwo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-imisipha phezu imininingwane ye-operation, futhi kuba imisipha atypical futhi wenza myocardium, lapho yakhiwa imisipha endwangwini, zinezikhathi evuthiwe-emthende striations transverse.

The main izakhiwo bokuphila we myocardium

Inhliziyo Physiology lisikisela ukuthi umzimba possesses izakhiwo eziningana bokuphila. Futhi lokhu:

• Excitability.
• Conductivity futhi lability ongaphakeme.
• Contractility futhi refractory.

Ngokuphathelene excitability, kuba amandla imisipha striated aphendule emsipheni amaza. Akukhona zizinkulu ukuthi efanayo lwamathambo kwemisipha hlobo. Amaseli ukuze myocardium elinesimo Inani enkulu engaba ulwelwesi, okuyinto esibangela yokusabela kwabo ukucasuka abalulekile kuphela.

Physiology ka inhliziyo conduction uhlelo wukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi conductive excitation izinga lincane, Atria futhi ventricles uqale ungenwa yanjalo.

Refractivity, nika umehluko, sibangela isikhathi eside, okuyinto ngokuxhumana ngezinqola kwesikhathi ukusebenza. Ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi refractory kungapheli, imisipha yenhliziyo kuyehla ku uhlobo olulodwa, futhi ngokomthetho "necklace".

Atypical omnene imisipha Imicu yotshani esingokwemvelo contractility izakhiwo, kodwa Imicu yotshani enjalo ifa ezingeni lelisetulu umzimba. Lapha beze mitihondrii usizo, umsebenzi okuyinto umsebenzi esekuficile yezinzwa. Mitihondrii ukuqhuba ezinzwa amaza futhi ahlinzeke oscillation. Senhliziyo conduction uhlelo kwakhiwa ngokunembile ngenxa infarction atypical.

myocardium atypical futhi izakhiwo zalo eziyisisekelo

• ezingeni atypical of excitability we myocardium angaphansi kwemisipha lwamathambo, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho okuyinto sici we myocardium contractile. Nerve amaza ikhiqizwa lapha.
• Conductivity infarction atypical futhi leliphasi kunaleyo kwemisipha lwamathambo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kunakunoma we contractile esivimba amanzi.
• Isikhathi refractory kungapheli kuphakama isinyathelo engaba ne-calcium ion.
• Ukuze infarction atypical libhekene lability ezincane kanye nekhono elincane ekuhlehleni.
• Amangqamuzana ngokuzimela ukukhiqiza yisifiso ezinzwa (okuzenzakalelayo).

Uhlelo conductive imisipha atypical

Ngokufunda physiology inhliziyo, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi uhlelo conductive imisipha atypical siqukethe sinoatrial engeyokuqala elise kwesokudla kususwa udonga lwangemuva, emngceleni esasihlukanisa yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi vena cava, engeyokuqala atrioventricular ukuthumela pulses ventricles (elise ngezansi septum interatrial), ugongolo wa- (sidlula septum atrial kuya esiswini ventricle). Enye imisipha ingxenye atypical - a Imicu yotshani Purkinje, amagatsha awo inikezwe cardiomyocytes.

Futhi lapha, kukhona nezinye izinhlaka: izinyanda Kent futhi Meygaylya (kuqala agelezele ohlangothini lateral we imisipha yenhliziyo nemithambo ohlanganisa ATRIUM futhi ventricle, kanti eyesibili ngezansi engeyokuqala atrioventricular, futhi adlulisele amasignali kuya ventricles ngaphandle ezithinta isixha lakhe). Ngenxa lezi zakhiwo, lapho engeyokuqala atrioventricular icishiwe, ishayela ukudluliswa inikezwa, okuyinto kwakuhilelani ezingadingekile Imininingwane flow isifo futhi kubangele ukusikwa obengeziwe imisipha yenhliziyo.

Uyini umjikelezo inhliziyo?

Physiology kwenhliziyo umsebenzi yokuthi ukusikwa imisipha yenhliziyo kungenziwa ngokuthi kahle ihlelwe batch inqubo. Hlela le nqubo kusiza inhliziyo conduction uhlelo.

Njengoba izinkontileka inhliziyo atishaye, ngezinye izikhathi igazi exoshwa ku isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. umjikelezo senhliziyo kuyinto ngenkathi senhliziyo esilimele izinkontileka abese ephumula. Lo mjikelezo siqukethe systoles futhi ventricular fibrillation, futhi ikhefu. Lapho atrial systole ingcindezi siyenyuka sisuka 1.2 mm HG ukuba 6-9 futhi 8-9 mm HG e sokunene nesobunxele Atria ngokulandelana. Ngenxa yalokho, igazi liya le ventricles ngokusebenzisa ukuvuleka atrio-ventricular. Lapho umfutho kwesokunxele bese ventricles kwesokudla 65 futhi ifinyelela 5-12 mm HG, ngokulandelana, kwenzeka futhi igazi uxoshwe kwenzeka ventricular diastole, entailing iconsi okusheshayo e ukugandeleleka ventricles. Lokhu kwandisa umfutho izitsha ezinkulu eziholela ekuweni valve semilunar. Lapho ukucindezela ku ventricles ukuba bawele zero, ivula valve ichopho uhlobo nize isigaba lapho ventricles agcwaliswa. Lesi sigaba uqeda diastole.

Yini ubude we izigaba umjikelezo we imisipha yenhliziyo? Lo mbuzo iyathakazelisa abantu abaningi nesithakazelo physiology isiqondiso inhliziyo. Singasho sithi into eyodwa kuphela: ubude babo akuyona ukubaluleka njalo. Lapha okunqumayo ubhekwa ukuvama isigqi imisipha yenhliziyo. Uma umsebenzi inhliziyo ayachitheka ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo isigqi isigaba isikhathi ziyahlukahluka.

izimpawu kwangaphandle womsebenzi inhliziyo

Ukuze inhliziyo imisipha isici izimpawu kwangaphandle komsebenzi wakhe. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Push isihloko.
• imihlola kagesi.
• Inhliziyo umsindo.

Umzuzu nevolumu systolic infarction nazo izinkomba kokusebenza kwalo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho kukhona systole ventricular, inhliziyo kwenza ukujika kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, ukushintsha ukuma yokuqala okweqanda a isiyingi. Ingxenye engenhla imisipha yenhliziyo ophakamayo futhi ubeka ingcindezi esifubeni kule intercostal isikhala V emise at ohlangothini lwesobunxele. kuphakama Ngakho umuzwa apical.

Ngokuphathelene zomzimba of amathoni inhliziyo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kufanele ukhulume ngokwehlukile. Amathoni kukhona imicimbi umsindo ezenzeka ngesikhathi ukusebenza imisipha yenhliziyo. Inombolo ephelele inhliziyo isehlane amathoni ezimbili. ithoni Okokuqala - yena systolic - okuyinto ejwayelekile valve atrioventricular. ithoni Okwesibili - diastolic - kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukuvala valve isiqu yamaphaphu futhi le-aorta. Ithoni lokuqala eside, nomgodi ngezansi yesibili. Ithoni yesibili kuphezulu futhi iDemo.

Imithetho womsebenzi inhliziyo

Vele umthetho ezimbili umsebenzi inhliziyo ingaba ovelele: umthetho futhi umthetho le micu inhliziyo isigqi imisipha yenhliziyo.

Eyokuqala (O. Frank - E. Starling) uthi kulapho imisipha fibre sisalokhu, namandla kuyoba ukunciphisa wayo. On ezingeni elula kuthinta inani negazi eliye zanqwabelana inhliziyo phakathi diastole. Kukhula ivolumu, kulapho ngamandla kuyoba ukuncipha ngesikhathi systole.

Eyesibili (F. Bainbridge) uthi uma ingcindezi igazi liphuma emithanjeni eziyize (e zemifula), ukwenyuka nobuningi ukushuba imisipha Kufinyeta ezingeni reflex.

Zombili le mithetho usebenze kanyekanye. Basitshela ukuthi lo mshini ukuzithiba, esiza ukujwayela umsebenzi imisipha yenhliziyo yezimo ezahlukene khona.

Uma ucabangela physiology inhliziyo kafushane, ingasaphathwa yokuthi umsebenzi lo umzimba futhi ehlaselwe kwama-hormone athile, neurotransmitters nosawoti wamaminerali (electrolyte). Ngokwesibonelo, atsetilhopin (umlamuleli) futhi babutha potassium ion buthaka umsebenzi inhliziyo, okwenza isigqi ezingavamile, ukuze kungase kube ngisho ukuboshwa inhliziyo. A semali calcium ion, adrenaline futhi noradrenaline, kunalokho, isandla ekuqiniseni womsebenzi inhliziyo futhi yayo njalo. Epinephrine, futhi ikhulisa imithambo yegazi i-coronary, kanjalo ngcono umsoco esivimba amanzi.

Izindlela zika ukulawulwa umsebenzi inhliziyo

Ngokuhambisana izimfuneko umoya-mpilo kanye nokudla, nobuningi namandla ukusikwa imisipha yenhliziyo ziyahlukahluka. Umsebenzi we inhliziyo kulawulwa izindlela ezikhethekile neurohumoral.

Kodwa inhliziyo inezidingo izindlela zayo zokulawula kanye nemisebenzi. Abanye babo kuhlobane ngokuqondile izakhiwo emimoya kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba esivimba amanzi. Lapha kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi amandla kanye imicu ukunqinda isigqi imisipha yenhliziyo, kanye ukwencika ukunciphisa amandla futhi degree of fibre ukungezwani phakathi diastole.

izakhiwo nokunwebeka kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba esivimba amanzi, esizibonakalisa hhayi inqubo conjugations asebenzayo, ngokuthi yekwentiwa. Wabaphathi izakhiwo nokunwebeka kubhekwe trophic Uhlaka-ukwesekwa kanye actomyosin amabhuloho, okuyinto zitholakala hhayi imisipha asebenzayo. Amathambo endoda nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ku kuyaqina of myocardium lapho kukhona izinqubo sclerotic.

Uma umuntu siyenzeka contracture ischemic noma ukuvuvukala isifo esivimba amanzi, ukuqina okwandisiwe ekuvaleni.

Umsebenzi esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Noma yimuphi ukwehluleka kungaholela imiphumela engemihle. Njalo kudokotela futhi ningakwenqabi izincomo zayo. Phela, ukuvimbela isifo kulula ukudlula elapha ke, ukuchitha imali kwi izidakamizwa ezibizayo.