Isakhiwo ishidi, elingaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi

Leaf - vegetative lateral Kuphendula igunya. Kufeza indima ebalulekile empilweni yonke isitshalo, leaf isakhiwo kuhlelwe ukuze bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo ukuze imisebenzi yayo - photosynthesis, ukuhwamuka kanye negesi lokushintshisana, Guttation. Ishidi lungaguqulwa futhi inaliti (njengoba AmaConifers) noma iva (Cacti futhi Barberry, njll). Itjhuguluko elinje ka ohlangothini Kuphendula iziphathimandla ezisiza izitshalo ukusinda zokuzamazama ezahlukene zezulu.

I Sakhiwo sangaphandle ishidi incike zezimila. Ngakho, ukuhlukanisa elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, idla lubi, amahlamvu sessile futhi laqina. Cishe zonke ohlangothini Kuphendula iziphathimandla ziye zandisa ingxenye - leaf blade, okungase eliqinile kancane kancane, cut, insingo noma ehlukile. I petiole, okuyinto befunda umzimba omkhulu unamathele isiqu, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ingabi ngokuphelele, khona-ke bathi uhlu "sedentary" noma beschereshkovy. Uma lamina is livimbezele ngokuphelele njengomuntu kuba isihloko sesiqu, ke entwine ohlangothini Kuphendula igunya. Ngo angiosperms nge leaf petioles futhi ube stipules ukuthi ukuvikela amahlamvu abasha axillary efihlekile.

Isakhiwo morphological ishidi futhi libonisa khona izimo ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Vele ukubizwa ngokuthi umzimba omkhulu befunda izitshalo, uma has a Isiqu kanye blade leaf, ewa ngokuphelele (Maple, Lilac, willow). amahlamvu Compound abe petiole 1 futhi eziningana izindwani leaf ezingaba ewa ngamunye (ziyadliwa, usika izingcezu azidingayo ngokucophelela, umlotha).

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ishidi efanayo kuzo zonke izitshalo. Leaf blade phezulu kanye phansi embozwe ungqimba we epidermis, esiyingxenye isikhumba. Ezinye izitshalo esikhumbeni engenhla izinwele kungaba, ifilimu-cuticle noma enamathela waxy. Lezi wonke amadivayisi zokuphepha ukuvimbela okweqile, ukusha, ngokweqile amanzi ukuhwamuka. Ikhava Indwangu ezitshalweni eziningi, ngohlangothi phansi ishidi uye slotted ukuvuleka - stomata, ezithinta amaseli ezimbili unogada. Ngemva apharathasi stomatal amagesi ihlolwe futhi umhwamuko, njengasezulwini Ukuphunyuka lateral lomzimba uqobo futhi olubonakalayo.

Isakhiwo yeselula ishidi kubonisa khona lendwangu - the mesophyll, okuyinto ihlukaniswe sithambile futhi palisadnuyu (columnar) parenchyma. Amayunithi kwesakhiwo kwezicubu columnar aqukethe lenqwaba chloroplast, ekwazi ukungena ngaphezu kwelanga. Amaseli kukhona sisondelene kakhulu nomunye, kuba photosynthesis yabo. kwakheka izicubu sithambile is by izinhlayiya aphansi ophilayo ukuthi une-ukuma okungajwayelekile, semali lomcebo intercellular futhi kakhulu alengayo embondelene ngokwabo. Kuthatha ingxenye, kodwa hhayi njengoba asebenzayo njengoba parenchyma udonga, amaqembu, nokwenziwa, kanye ngokusebenzisa isikhala emoyeni walo negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka. Futhi kucecevu kukhona emithanjeni okuyizindawo ezitsheni, iqhaza in umzimba. Kuyinto ngabo amanzi nge izinto amaminerali ihlinzekwa ukuba Ukuphunyuka lateral kwamaseli emzimbeni, kanye Imiphumela ishidi ngokwayo kwakwakhe organic kwakheka inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Futhi emithanjeni emikhulu sizungezwe fibre izinyanda ezakhiwe izicubu mechanical futhi unikeza leaf wamandla.

Ngakho, ukwakheka ishidi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubangelwa imisebenzi eyenziwa lokhu umzimba - nokwenziwa, igesi exchange, Guttation kanye ukuhwamuka. Futhi, ngaphandle main, leshidi futhi imisebenzi eyengeziwe - Ukuvikelwa (ameva), bohlu lozalo izinto (isikali ama) kanye esiphelweni vegetative.