Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich, isilinganiselo Ivana Groznogo: A Biography, incazelo amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich - a owaziwa Russian sezombusazwe, isosha, umbhali kanye umhumushi, umngane oseduze Tsar u-Ivan IV the Kubi. Ngo 1564, phakathi neMpi Livonian, ebalekela kungenzeka ihlazo ePoland lapho wayemuhle enkonzweni yeNkosi uSigismund II Augustus. Ngemva kwalokho walwa Muscovy.

lozalo

Prince Rostislav ka Smolensk kwaba umzukulu uVladimir Monomakh, futhi kuyinto umsunguli imindeni emibili abadumile - the Smolensk futhi Vyazma. Eyokuqala yalezi kwadingeka amagatsha amaningana, elinye lawo kwaba inhlobo Kurbsky, wabusa kusukela ekhulwini XIII e Yaroslavl. Ngokusho yetinsita kwavela leli gama induna ngomzana, ngokuthi Courbet. Leli fa waya kuJakobe Ivanovich. Lo muntu kuphela ukuthi wafa 1455 ngesikhathi Arsk ensimini, ukulwa ngesibindi ne Kazan AmaTatar ezaziwayo. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ifa lidlule ku ifa noSimeyoni umfowabo, owakhonza Grand Prince Vasily.

Naye wabe wayenamadodana amabili - Dmitry futhi Fedor, enkonzweni Prince Ivan III. Elokugcina ubekade Nizhny Novgorod umbusi. namadodana akhe babephethe amaqhawe anesibindi, kodwa izingane Michael eyodwa kuphela, abathwala isidlaliso Karamysh. Ndawonye nomfowabo Roman, wabulawa 1506 e izimpi Kazan. Amalotha Fedorovich futhi alwa no-Kazan naseLithuania. Wayengumuntu ngaleso Boyar Vasily III futhi wakhipha ukulahlwa eqinile ngesinqumo ukuthatha umgubuzelo Prince unkosikazi utshani.

Omunye wamadodana Karamyshev, uMichael, ngokuvamile ezinqunyiwe umyalo ezikhundleni ezehlukene ngesikhathi imikhankaso. Lesi sakamuva kwaba nomkhankaso wempi ngo-1545 ngokumelene Lithuania ekuphileni kwakhe. Washiya amadodana amabili - U-Andrew no-Ivan, kamuva waphumelela baqhubeka umndeni isiko lempi. Ivan Mikhailovich ngesikhathi bamba Kazan walimala kakhulu, kodwa akazange ashiye impi futhi laliqhubeka nokulwa. Mangisho ukuthi abaningi balimala kanzima nezilima impilo yakhe, wafa ngemva konyaka.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izazi-mlando kakhulu Ungabhalela mayelana Ivan IV, zinjalo Qiniseka ukukhumbula mayelana Andrei Mikhailovich - mhlawumbe omele edume kakhulu umndeni wakhe nabangane abaseduze yenkosi. Kuze kube manje, abacwaningi bephikisana ngokuthi ubani empeleni Prince Kurbsky: amaqembu alwayo Ivana Groznogo?

biography

Ayikho imininingwane iminyaka zakhe zasebuntwaneni liyalondolozwa, kanye nosuku lokuzalwa Andrei Mikhailovich akekho owayezobhekwa nakanjani ukunquma uma ungaphakathi omunye imisebenzi yakhe zokuphola okukhulunywa ngakho. Futhi wazalwa ekwindla ka-1528. Akumangalisi ukuthi okokuqala isikhulu Kurbsky, ogama biography kwakuhambisana nezinga njalo nomkhankaso wempi, imibhalo ezishiwo ngokuqondene umkhankaso olandelayo 1549. I Tsar u-Ivan IV ibutho bekatsatsa elisezingeni umphathi.

Abesengakalungeli engu-21 ezelwe, ukuzeka kwakhe iqhaza kulo mkhankaso ngokumelene Kazan. Mhlawumbe Kurbski zisingethwe ngokushesha baduma ngenxa Izenzo zakhe izikhali enkundleni yempi, ngoba ngemva konyaka umbusi wamenza umbusi no uthumele Pronsk ukuvikela imingcele eningizimu-esempumalanga yaleli zwe. Ngokushesha, njengoba umvuzo kungaba sokunconywa lempi, noma isithembiso ukufika ekuhambeleni kokuqala ne isikwati amasosha, Ivan Grozny anikezwe Andrei Mikhailovich umhlaba etholakala eduze eMoscow.

lokuqala ukunqoba

It is ukuthi Kazan AmaTatar ezaziwayo, oqala wokubusa Ivan III, ayevame ukusesha nemizana Russian. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Kazan ebekwa kuye izikhulu eMoscow. Ngo-1552 impi Russian ephinde ebizwa empini ezayo izakhamizi sokuvukela Kazan. Ngesikhathi eningizimu amandla sekukhona nebutho YaseCrimea Khan. amabutho esitha besondela Tula walivimbezela. Tsar Ivan Grozny wanquma ukuqhubeka amabutho main eduze Kolomna, futhi wangisiza emzini ovinjezelwe ukuthumela ibutho 15000th, elaliholwa nomdlwana futhi Andrei Kurbsky.

amabutho Russian ukubukeka kwabo ezingalindelekile Khan sekwephuzile, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba ashona. Nokho, eduze Tula wayesalokhu ihlukane elikhulu Crimeans, waphakamisela ababaphangayo ezingomakhelwane edolobheni, engazi ukuthi amabutho eyinhloko Khan waya emaqeleni. ngokushesha Andrei Mikhailovich zanquma ukuhlasela isitha, nakuba yayineminyaka engu-amaqhawe nengxenye. Ngokusho kwamaphepha lokusinda, ukulwa yathatha ihora nesigamu, futhi Prince Kurbsky baphuma ke winner.

Umphumela le mpi waba ukulahlekelwa enkulu amabutho esitha: Engxenyeni 30,000th squad ubulawe ngesikhathi impi, kanti bonke abanye basuke noma ethumba noma baminza lapho bewela Shivoron. Kurbsky yena balwa eceleni abangaphansi, ngenxa ayamukela amanxeba ambalwa. Nokho, ngemva kwesonto futhi yena wema uhlelo ngisho bakanisa. Lesi sikhathi, indlela yakhe yayidlula ezweni Ryazan. Phambi kwakhe kwakumi umsebenzi - ukumboza amandla eyinhloko kungazelelwe ukuhlaselwa asemaqeleni.

Ukuvinjezelwa Kazan

In autumn 1552, amabutho Russian wafika Kazan. Puppies futhi Kurbsky waqokwa induna ibutho ngakwesokunene. amayunithi abo zitholakala ngaphesheya komfula Kazanka. Le ndawo evezwa, ngakho ibutho balahlekelwa esindayo ngenxa yomlilo angavulwa basuke emzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha Russian kwadingeka ukushaya Cheremisses ukuhlaselwa ngokuvamile bevela ezingemuva.

Wesibili Septhemba bahlasela Kazan, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho Prince Kurbsky kanye namadoda akhe empi kwadingeka bame ngesikhathi Elbuginyh kwesango elibheke ovinjezelwe wayengeke aphunyule emzini. imizamo eminingi ukuze ifohle amabutho esitha abangu evikelwe wemboni ikakhulu kubonakala. ingxenye encane ayizitha kuphela wakwazi ukubaleka enqabeni. Andrei Mikhailovich namadoda akhe eseshintsha. Ngesibindi alwa, kungadaleka ingozi embi kakhulu kuphela emvimba ekugcineni ushiye empini.

Umeluleki wenkosi

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva Kurbski futhi waya ezweni Kazan, kulokhu ukuze umoya wenkosi amavukelambuso. Mangisho, umkhankaso kwakunzima kakhulu, njengoba amabutho kwadingeka ukuba angene off-road, futhi ukulwa endaweni ebiyelwe ngamapulangwe, kodwa umsebenzi Duke kuboniswane, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wabuyela enhloko-dolobha nge ukunqoba. Kungenxa yalesi ezibabazekayo Ivan Grozny, futhi kwenza kwaba kuya wohlanga olukhulu.

Ngalesi sikhathi Kurbsky Prince ingenye usondelene nalo kakhulu kuya Tsar u-Ivan IV abantu. Kancane kancane, waba nobungane Adasheva futhi Sylvester, abameleli bezinguquko party waba omunye abeluleki inkosi sangena kuzintandokazi Rada. Ngo 1556 kokuba yingxenye umkhankaso omusha yalwa Cheremisses futhi futhi wabuya winner mkhankaso. Ekuqaleni, wamiswa umkhuzi Left Hand ibutho, okwakubekelwa kumi Kaluga futhi kamuva ngaqala phezu umyalo ibutho ngakwesokunene, ubekade Kashira.

Impi nge Livonia

Lokhu isimo ophoqelelwe Andrey Mikhailovich aphinde abuyele ohlelweni ukulwa. Ekuqaleni wamiswa lokuyala Storozhev, futhi kamuva isihambile futhi ibutho ngawo kokuba yingxenye ukuthunjwa St George kanye Neuhaus. Entwasahlobo ka-1559 wabuyela eMoscow, lapho uzothatha isinqumo ukuthi amthume isevisi komngcele oseningizimu wombuso.

A impi ukunqoba kanye Livonia akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Lapho ukwehluleka waqala ukuwa ngamunye ngamunye, inkosi yabiza Kurbsky bamenza umbusi amabutho uhame silwa Livonia. Mangisho ukuthi umlawuli omusha ngokushesha waqala sokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba amandla main, ehlasela lokuqala esikwatini isitha iseduze Weissenstein, futhi unqobe kumhambela.

Ngaphandle ukucabanga, Kurbsky Prince ithatha isinqumo esisha - ukulwa ne amabutho esitha, yena uqobo wahola master odumile we-oda Livonian. amabutho Russian indiva isitha ovela ngemuva emotweni, futhi naphezu ebusuku, bamhlasela. Ngokushesha Kuma Livonians yaphenduka Melee. Ukunqoba owawuqondene Kurbski lapha. Ngemva phefu usuku eziyishumi, amabutho Russian baqhubekela.

Njengoba safinyelela Fellini, isikhulu ngaphambilini ukuba ashise nedlelo layo, bese uqale Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi. Kule mpi, futhi eyisiboshwa elathunjwa landmarshal Order F. Schall von Bell, ugijimele kosizo ovinjezelwe. It ngokushesha wathumela ku Moscow ngohlamvu isigubungelo kusukela Kurbsky. It Andrei Mikhailovich wangibuza hhayi ukubulala landmarshal, ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi ekhaliphile, abanesibindi futhi babe nesibindi. Lo mlayezo uthi isikhulu Russian wayeyinkosi eyiqhawe elinesibindi yizicukuthwane abangagcini nje azi kanjani lwa kahle, kodwa ngenhlonipho enkulu ngabaphikisi ayakufanelekela. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, u-Ivan Grozny namanje ababulawa Livonians. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo Adasheva futhi Sylvester uhulumeni isuswe, futhi abeluleki ngokwabo, nabangane babo nabangane - babulawa.

kokunqotshwa

Andrei Mikhailovich wathatha Fellin castle amasonto amathathu, wabe eseya Vitebsk, bese Nevel. Lapha inhlanhla bamphendukela, futhi wahlulwa. Nokho, izincwadi lebukhosi Prince Kurbsky kusikisela ukuthi u-Ivan IV wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke ukumbeka icala lokuvukela umbuso. Angisitholi wamthukuthelela kuye futhi enkosini komzamo umuzi Gelmet. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma lesi sehlakalo enamathiselwe ukubaluleka okukhulu ke kwakuzolandela ezishiwo Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe.

Nokho, kwaba khona-ke ukuthi iNkosi lokuqala babecabanga ngalokho okuyokwenzeka kuye lapho inkosi ithola mayelana ngamashwa yakhe nokho ngehlelwe yilokhu. Ukwazi kahle inhliziyo wombusi, wayazi ukuthi uma izitha uyosibonisa, akazange ukusongela, kodwa endabeni ukunqotshwa, kungaba ngokushesha iwe umusa futhi abe block lokuqobela. Nakuba, eqinisweni, kodwa ububele ngehlazo, mbibi ukusola.

Ukwahlulela iqiniso lokuthi ngemva kokunqotshwa at Nevel u-Ivan IV esimisiwe umkhuzi Andrei bakaJehova eSt George, inkosi ngeke ukuze amjezise. Nokho, isikhulu Kurbsky nasolakeni le nkosi ibalekela Poland ngoba ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lentukuthelo inkosi kuyokwehlela phezu kwekhanda lakhe. Inkosi uSigismund II Augustus Basazisa migilingwane izikhali kwesikhulu, ngakho wambiza kanye ukuze inkonzo yakhe, uyasithembisa lokumamukela enhle nokuphila okuntofontofo.

indiza

Kurbski ngokuya baqala ukucabanga phezu sipho yenkosi Polish, kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli 1564 wakhetha ukungahlukanisi bebalekela Wolmar. Kanye naye baya abalandeli bakhe ngisho nezinceku. USigismund II wathola wayebaphendule kahle, futhi isikhulu waklonyeliswa nge ilungelo lokuyithola njengefa izigodi impahla.

Ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi la isikhulu Kurbsky babaleka ulaka lwenkosi, Ivan Grozny zonke ngokufutheka yayo eyehlela izihlobo ezisele lapha Budker. Bonke wahlupheka isiphetho ezinzima. Ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi Kurbsky yabo unya embeka icala lokuvukela umbuso, ukwephulwa kissing esiphambanweni, kanye nokuthunjwa ngumkayo, Anastasia, nesifiso ukubusa Yaroslavl. U-Ivan IV ubengase ukufakazela amaqiniso kuqala ezimbili, lonke ngokusobala wasungula ukuze bathethelele izenzo zabo emehlweni Polish nabakhulu Lithuanian.

Life ekudingisweni

Esima phambi kweNkosi uSigismund II, Kurbski cishe ngokushesha waqala ukuqhuba okusezingeni eliphezulu izikhundla lempi. Ezinyangeni ezingaphansi kweziyisithupha, uye walwa emelene Muscovy. Nge amabutho Lithuanian wahlanganyela kulo mkhankaso ku Luka Omkhulu futhi sivikele Volhynia ngokumelene amaTartar. Ngo-1576, u-Andrew M. wayala lamabutho eminingi, okuyinto kwaba ingxenye amabutho Grand Prince Stefan Batory, abalwé Russian Ratiu ka Polotsk.

Ngo Kurbski Poland cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi abahlala Milyanovich ukuthi ngesikhathi Kovel. Phatha emazweni awo, wayala ama-trustees. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula imikhankaso yezempi wayehileleka ukucwaninga kwesayensi, enika bakhethe isebenza nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo, kanye bafunde izilimi zesiGreki nesiLatin.

Akwaziwa yokuthi lo mbaleki Prince Kurbsky no-Ivan Grozny babe ukuxhumana. Incwadi yokuqala wathunyelwa enkosini 1564. Ngiyilethe eMoscow, inceku ethembekile Andrei Mikhailovich Vasiliy Shibanov, owayebizwa kamuva bahlushwa futhi babulawa. Ezincwadini zakhe, isikhulu waveza intukuthelo yakhe ngokukhulekela ejulile ngokucela ukushushiswa nabulungisa, kanye Isibalo nokubulawa uma lutho abantu abangenacala ezazikhonza uMbusi ngokwethembeka. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, u-Ivan IV bavikela ilungelo eliphelele, ngokuzikhethela kwayo okugcwele ukusithethelela noma ukukhishwa kwanoma yimuphi kwezikhonzi zakhe.

Ukuxhumana phakathi abaphikisi ezimbili eyathatha iminyaka engu-15 futhi yaphela 1579. Sami izincwadi, iphamfulethi owaziwa, enesihloko esithi "Umlando we Grand Prince of Moscow" nezinye ulimi usebenza Kurbsky ebhaliwe nokubhala etemibhalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziqukethe ukwaziswa okuwusizo kakhulu kwenkathi wokubusa omunye ababusi abanonya kakhulu emlandweni Russian.

Kakade abahlala ePoland, isikhulu washada okwesibili. Ngo-1571 wathatha abacebile umfelokazi Kosinski unkosikazi. Nokho, lo mshado akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside futhi yachitheka. Okwesithathu-ke manje kakade Kurbski ngishade owesifazane abampofu yegama Semashko. Kule inyunyana isikhulu wazala indodana nendodakazi.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, isikhulu wathatha ingxenye kwelinye umkhankaso wokulwa eMoscow eholwa Stefan Batory. Kodwa kulesi sikhathi akazange abe ukulwa - ukufinyelela cishe komngcele Russia, wagula futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ngibuyele emuva ngingahambi. Andrei Mikhailovich washona ngo-1583. Wembelwa yesigodlo, okuyinto etholakala eduze Kovel.

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye umsekeli oshisekayo wamasiko. Proud stern nobunjalo okuqinile Kurbsky kakhulu nomthelela neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela Lifanele eziningi izitha phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini Lithuanian kanye Polish. Wayelethwa njalo ukuxabana nomakhelwane balo futhi ngokuvamile ashaqe emazweni awo, izithunywa zasebukhosini ehlanganiswa ukuhlukunyezwa Russian.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Andreya Kurbskogo wafa nommeli wakhe Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni Polish ubelokhu kancane kancane yaba namandla okususa ezibonakalayo kusukela umfelokazi wakhe nendodana, kwaze kwathi ekugcineni, musa sithathe futhi Kovel. Inkantolo ilalele izimvo ngalolu daba wahlala iminyaka eminingi. Ngenxa yalokho, indodana yakhe Dmitri wakwazi ukuthola i-abanye ezweni elahlekile, okwathi ngemva kwalokho iguqulwe yamaKatolika.

Prince Kurbsky Isici

Umbono ngaye njengomahluleli ongenamizwa sibalo zezombusazwe futhi indoda ngokuvamile iphambene. Ezinye njengosongo olandelanayo saphenduka abanombono emincane kakhulu futhi elinganiselwe, esenganyelwe kulo lonke boyars futhi wamelana nalo autocracy tsarist. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza yakhe ePoland uthathwa njengoba abanye uhlobo ukubala, exhunywe ne izinzuzo ezinkulu zalokhu kuphila, owathembisa kuye Korol Sigizmund Agasti. Andrei Kurbsky ngisho esolwa ngokungabi qotho of izahlulelo zabo, wazibeka imisebenzi eminingi ukuthi babegxile ngokugcwele ekugcineni yenkolelo.

Izazi-mlando eziningi bacabange ukuthi isikhulu kwaba namanje indoda zihlakaniphile futhi ufundiswe, kanye ngobuqotho futhi uthembekile, njalo ohlangothini ezinhle nobulungisa. Ukuze lezo zici kwaziwa ngokuthi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni wokuqala Russian." Ngenxa izimbangela umehluko phakathi kwakhe Ivanom Groznym, kanye zinganekwane ngokwabo Prince Kurbsky bengayiqondi ngokugcwele, impikiswano mayelana Ubunikazi bale ungumuntu odume zombusazwe isikhathi izothatha isikhathi eside.

Wayesho ukuthini ngale ndaba ayishilo futhi owaziwa heraldry basePoland mlando Szymon Okolski, owaphila ekhulwini XVII. kwebalingisi kwaKhe Prince Kurbsky lalithé: kwaba ngempela umuntu omkhulu, hhayi nje ngoba wayehlobene nendlu yobukhosi, aphethwe eziphezulu ezempi kanye uhulumeni izikhundla, kodwa futhi ngenxa anamandla, njengoba anqoba ezimpini eziningana abalulekile . Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi-mlando, wabhala mayelana isikhulu njengomuntu ojabulayo ngempela. Ziboneleni nina ngokwenu; ekudingisweni kwakhe futhi yesikhulu nombaleki, nge-honours okungavamile wathatha Polish neNkosi yakhe uSigismund II Augustus.

Kuze kube manje, izizathu kokuhlubuka futhi ukukhashelwa isikhulu Kurbsky abacwaningi idonse isithakazelo esikhulu, njengoba ungubani lo muntu kuyadida futhi enezici. ubufakazi Okuningi yokuthi Andrei Mikhailovich waba ingqondo emangalisayo, futhi singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela yokuthi, ngokuba ayesekhulile impela, wakwazi ukufunda isi-Latin, okuyinto kuze kube yileso sikhathi angazanga nhlobo.

Ngo umqulu wokuqala wencwadi ebizwa Orbis Poloni, esanyatheliswa kuyi 1641 e Krakow, okufanayo Szymon Okolski ibekwe elingenamikhono izingalo Prince Kurbsky (kule nguqulo Polish - Krupskaya) wamnika incazelo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isibonakaliso heraldic of Russian wolimi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Ephakathi, isithombe bengonyama kungenziwa kaningi ezitholakele ku izingalo yezikhulu ezifundeni ezahlukene. Ngo Heraldry Russian lasendulo njengoba lokhu isilwane sasibhekwa njengophawu olumelela kwamadoda asebukhosini, isibindi, zokuziphatha nobuhlakani bezempi. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi ingonyama wayechazwa phezu elingenamikhono izingalo kwesikhulu Kurbsky.