Conciliator futhi indima yalo kuleli kabusha ongumlimi ka 1861

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, uMbuso Russian kwakugcwele yezinguquko, ukubeka ngokuthi injongo uguqule uhlelo setepolitiki ngokuhambisana nezidingo isikhathi, omunye wabo kwaba ukuqedwa serfdom kanye ngokukhethekile yethulwa kuleli posi - the conciliator.

Umbuzo ongumlimi eholwa ngu-Alexander I

Maphakathi Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, Russia necebo umnotho enganamandla kakhulu yezolimo, eminye kokunqotshwa empini YaseCrimea kuye kwayibhebhethekisa zonke izinqubo omubi ngokoqobo Russian. Selokhu Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, ukuqedwa serfdom njalo liphuma emphakathini. U-Alexander I yaqale usethe ovulekile kakhulu futhi bathanda ngempela ukufunda kakhulu ngesinqumo. Ikakhulu ngemva kokunqoba wezwe lakithi e Impi Ye-1812 futhi umkhankaso angaphandle womaya ashisekela izinguquko kwaqina, hhayi nje phakathi nezazi, kodwa futhi phakathi abalimi, nabanikazi bemihlaba okuqhubekayo ngokomqondo. Alexander Pavlovich zonke kahle, kodwa musa ugijimele ukuqhuba kabusha, kantsi ngemuva kokwanda izenzo wamavukelambuso kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu futhi wahlukana noma yiluphi ushintsho isikhundla abalimi. Umthetho "ku kubalimi khulula" futhi ukukhululwa kwencika abalimi aseBaltic, okuyinto ayembalwa kakhulu - konke kuthathwe izinyathelo zokudambisa isimo abalimi.

I umbono Nicholas mina Pavlovich

Indlalifa yomfowabo zombusi abasebasha uNicholas, umndeni wayaziwa njengomuntu ophansi olandelanayo isiqiniseko, kuvukela le Decembrists ' ngo-1825, iye nakakhulu ke kulesi siqondiso. Ngemva ukucindezelwa yakhe kaKesari ngokwakhe wathatha ingxenye kokuphenywa iqhaza ukuvukela, futhi phambi kwakhe ukuphila kwakhe kwakusengozini ecacile zonke lifiphele ye ngokoqobo Russian. Nicholas mina uyavumelana nala mazwi, ukuthi serfdom eRussia - okubi kodwa ukushintsha into kuzimo, wafikelwa ububi obukhulu nakakhulu kunalobo.

Noma kunjalo, kokubusa kwakhe Ukubala zombusi ozithandayo Arakcheev yahlelwa Ukukhululwa we serfs, izidingo zazo edingekayo unyaka ngamunye mayelana ruble ayizigidi ezinhlanu, bese inqubo ladluliselwa ngesikhathi isikhathi esingenasiphelo. Ngisho nale phrojekthi elinganiselwe kakhulu ngokuthi ukumelana evulekile kusukela kumibuthano uhulumeni. UNgqongqoshe wezeziMali Bala Kankrin wathi ngalolo hlobo imali endaweni yengcebo cha, ngakho udinga ukuthola enye indlela yokuphuma, wonke amanye polupopytki futhi baba yize. Nicholas mina ukubusa isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze lutho kwenziwe lula abalimi inkinga ebhekene. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umnotho laqhubeka landa ngesivinini kancane, okwaholela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani.

I-ushintsho kusukela "izindawo efile"

Ngo-1856, wafika kulowo sobukhosi eyizibulo uNicholas, u-Alexander II. Umyeni wami wayesevele kwakhiwa umuntu futhi ubuntu, kubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuthi uthisha kwaba indlalifa Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, imbongi, ube nesandla esivulekile ngomqondo futhi bazama ukugxilisa kubo umfundi wakhe. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala wokubusa Alexander uye wamemezela inhloso yokuqeda eziyingozi kanye obuyichilo mkhuba - serfdom. Konke kwaqala nge wokobana umphakathi ukwazi ukukhulumisana izinguquko, onikeza ke ngendlela esobala futhi irreversibility. Inhlokodolobha kwakukhona isibalo amaphrojekthi kabusha. Ngo-1859 kwathiwa wamisa ikomiti benta luhlaka lwembhalo, okwakuyoholela kufanele ahlaziye kanye ukuhlanganisa yonke imiklamo, efuna umphumela efaneleke kakhulu bamazwe futhi abalimi. Umsebenzi wona wawungemubi esimweni eziphikisanayo kakhulu, njengoba le nkosi ayizange ukunqotshwa nobunzima futhi waphoqelela. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1861 bonke amalungiselelo seziqediwe, futhi Februwari 19 kwathiwa Manifesto phezu ukuqedwa serfdom, wawa isimo enze umsebenzi wobugqila abalimi, kodwa izinguquko ezidingekayo ukwakha eziningi imizimba emisha nezikhulu, angathathwa kulandelwa ukusebenza kwakhe. Ngakho kukhona actuator engezansi - conciliator.

"Freedom"

"Ukudla Manifesto 1861" kuchazwa inkinga eyisisekelo laba bantu njengoba ubuhlobo design phakathi umninindawo futhi umlimi ngesisekelo isivumelwano phakathi kwabo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "umthetho-sisekelo lomthetho." Njengoba ukuthula balamuli - abantu siwufanelekele kokuqondisa uhulumeni wendawo amayunithi yasemakhaya ifakiwe, ukwamukelwa Amahhovisi yokuqokwa (umlinyana umdala, Parish induna). Uma kunesidingo, conciliator ungase bawasuse ehhovisi. Ngokuphathelene abalimi, yena wanikwa inkululeko iziphathimandla zokwahlulela amaphoyisa, ukuqonda ezimpini ezihlukahlukene ezincane, babengase baboshwe futhi linqume kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. INgxenye okuyinto ukhonza isifunda esisodwa ikhava umlamuli izifunda ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Kuwo wonke umbuso esebenza mayelana 1714 yalezi zikhulu. Bamiswa kusukela phakathi ukuhlonipheka endaweni ngesiphakamiso sokuba uhulumeni kanye umholi yezikhulu. Ngenhla ethulwa uhla lwemisebenzi ukuthi isixazululekile conciliator, ngonyaka 1861 kwaba ukuyedlula, abaningi baye ngabaphansi phakathi kulendawo lesichubekako, kwakungabafundi uLeo Tolstoy, NI Pies. Njengoba siqhubeka sihamba sibuka ukuhambisa okuqukethwe yezehlakalo eyenziwe ku umlamuleli kwehle unyaka ngamunye.

Imiphumela ekutjhugululweni

Noma kunjalo, kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu kabusha. Kuyinto sibonga ukuba silondoloze ukulinganisela kokuthandwayo abalimi, nakuba ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho, kodwa akazange ukuthola uhlobo kwenqubomgomo. Futhi into ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukwenza kubo izithakazelo ngokomthetho lesifanele mutual zombili idokhumenti Zazinjani efuze. Ukuthula balamuli wazama zonke ongumlimi futhi umninindawo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngikhiphé kuthengiselana ukukhulula, kanye isimo okwesikhashana abalimi wayengeyena isikhathi eside kakhulu. Imisebenzi lezi zikhulu kwayekwa 1874, kanye nezikhungo ezizimele esikhundleni ezimbili zadalwa. Noma kunjalo, abanasithakazelo izidingo abalimi futhi kungakabiphi baba ingxenye kwenchubokuphatsa omkhulu of the Empire, Russian. Kodwa into eyinhloko kwakwenziwa: abalimi zakhululwa, futhi ukuthula balamuli - uphawu inkululeko ngoba abalimi.