Isayensi ukuthi etadisha izicubu - Histology

Yini esiyaziyo isayensi ezifana Histology? Ngokungaqondile nezinhlinzeko zalo eziyisisekelo ezazidliwa ngaleso esikoleni. Kodwa kabanzi, lokhu isayensi sifundwa emfundweni ephakeme (amanyuvesi) kwezokwelapha.

On ezingeni lwezifundo, siyazi ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezine kwezicubu, futhi ungomunye yezingxenye eyisisekelo ilungu elithile lomzimba wethu. Kodwa abantu abahlela ukukhetha noma kakade ekhethiwe ibhizinisi labo nabezokwelapha, kudingeka simazi ngokuningiliziwe nge isigaba biology njengoba Histology.

Kuyini Histology

Histology - isayensi etadisha izicubu eziphilayo (abantu, izilwane kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi), kumiswa zabo, ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi kanye nokuxhumana. Lokhu legatsha isayensi kuhlanganisa nabanye abaningana.

Njengenhlangano isiyalo zezemfundo, lokhu isayensi zihlanganisa:

• Cytology (isayensi ukutadisha cell);
• Embryology (cwaningo yentuthuko embryo yoke, izici ukwakheka kwezitho nezicubu kuphela);
• Histology jikelele (isayensi zentuthuko, umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo izicubu, ikakhulukazi izicubu izifundo);
• Histology yangasese (ukutadisha microstructure kwezitho izinhlelo zabo).

Amazinga yenhlangano zomzimba womuntu njengenhlangano uhlelo oluhlangene

Lokhu isigaba sabaphathi iyona into ukutadisha Histology siqukethe Amazinga eziningana, ngayinye okuhlanganisa okwalandela. Ngakho, ungakwazi ngeso lengqondo ke njengoba matryoshka multi.

1. Umzimba. It ubuqotho begazi ohlelweni, imiswe phakathi ontogeny okuyinto.
2. Iziphathimandla. Kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezicubu, okuyinto nihlanganyele ekwenteni imisebenti yabo eyisisekelo futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa by imisebenzi eyisisekelo.
3. Izicubu. Kulelizinga, ngokuhlanganiswa nemikhiqizo cell. izinhlobo Ngatadisha kwezicubu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kungenzeka aqukethe ezihlukahlukene idatha zofuzo, izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo ukucacisa amaseli eziyisisekelo.
4. Amaseli. Leli zinga lisisakhiwo kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo ijwabu - iseli nemikhiqizo yalo.
5. ezingeni Subcellular. Kulelizinga yokutadisha izingxenye iseli - nucleus, organelles, cytolemma, cytosol, nokunye.
6. mangqamuzana. Leli zinga libhekene ekutadisheni yamangqamuzana yokwakheka cell izingxenye kanye yabo ukusebenza.

Isayensi ukuthi etadisha izicubu: Imisebenzi

Njenganoma yimuphi isayensi, Histology futhi lukhomba linani lemisebenti ukuthi lwenziwa ngesikhathi socwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kulo mkhakha womsebenzi. Phakathi yalomsebenti abaluleke kakhulu:

• ukufunda histogenesis;
• incazelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela jikelele Histology;
• cwaningo kwezicubu isiqondiso homeostasis izindlela;
• ekutadisheni izici ezinjalo amaseli njengoba nezimo, variability kanye reactivity;
• ukuthuthukiswa theory ukuvuselelwa ngemva izicubu ukulimala nezicubu replacement therapy amasu;
• ukuhumusha yamangqamuzana amadivayisi isiqondiso zofuzo, izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha izici zofuzo, kanye ukunyakaza-embryonic stem cells;
• isifundo lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu esigabeni embryo yoke, nezinye izinkathi nokuthuthuka kwabantu, kanye nezinkinga nge ukukhiqizwa kanye nenzalo.

Izigaba yentuthuko yesayensi ye Histology

Njengoba yaziwa, endaweni zokutadisha isakhiwo kwezicubu ibizwa ngokuthi "Histology". Kuyini, ososayensi baye baqala ukuthola ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile.

Ngakho, emlandweni kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale wemboni zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko - domikroskopichesky (17 th ekhulwini), ezincane (kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20) kanye lwanamuhla (kuze kube manje). Cabanga ngasinye salezi zinyathelo ngokuqondile.

isikhathi Domikroskopichesky

Kulesi sigaba, Histology injalo yasekuqaleni babehilelekile yizazi ezifana-Aristotle, Vesalius, uGalen nabanye abaningi. Nakuba into isifundo nezicubu ukuthi bahlukaniswa evela kumuntu noma esilwaneni-indlela ukulungiselela. Lesi sigaba saqala ngo-5 Ekhulwini BC, wadonsa kwaze kwaba 1665.

isikhathi ezincane

Ngokulandelayo, ezincane, nkathi yaqala nge 1665. Ukujola kungenxa kokusungulwa olukhulu microscope uRobert Hooke eNgilandi. Usosayensi esetshenziswa ngesibonakhulu ukufunda izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise begazi. Okutholakele akhishwa kuleli phephabhuku "wokulandisa", lapho kwase kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "ingqamuzana".

ososayensi Ezivelele kwalesi sikhathi, owayefundelwa ezicutshini futhi izitho, babe wakhe uMarcello Malpighi, Antoni Van Levenguk futhi Neemiya Gryu.

Isakhiwo amaseli baqhubeka befundela izazi ezinjengo-Jan Evangelista Purkinje, Robert Brown uMathiya Schleiden futhi Theodor Schwann (esithombeni sakhe ibekwe ngezansi). Kugcine kwagcina kumiswe cell ithiyori, okuyinto efanele futhi kuze kube namuhla.

Uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa yayo isayensi njengoba Histology. Kuyini, kulesigaba yokutadisha Rudolf Virhov, Kamillo Goldzhi, Theodor Boveri, Keith Roberts Porter, Christian Rene De Duve. Futhi lokhu ukwenze ngomsebenzi nabanye ososayensi, ezifana Ivan Dorofeevich Chistyakov noPetru Ivanovich peremezhku.

Isigaba samanje ukuthuthukiswa Histology

Esigabeni yokugcina isayensi study ezicutshini zomzimba, oqala ngo-1950. Isikhathi ozimele kuchazwa lokho ngoba kwakungafaneleki ke ukuthi isifundo lezinto begazi lokuqala wasetshenziswa ngesibonakhulu electron, kanye kwethulwa izindlela ucwaningo olusha, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, histochemistry futhi gistoradiografii.

Kuyini izicubu

Qhubekisa ngokuthwebula ngqo into eyinhloko cwaningo wesayensi ezifana Histology. Kwangezikhathi - is evolutionarily sekuvele uhlelo lamaseli bese izakhiwo okungezona kwamangqamuzana kukhona sibonga wobunye isakhiwo lokufanayo babe izici ezivamile. Ngamanye amazwi, indwangu - lokhu ingenye nabavoti zomzimba ezingathi uwukuhlangana lamaseli nemikhiqizo yabo, futhi isisekelo ukwakhiwa kwezitho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

Indwangu aluyona esitokisini. Ukwakheka ingahlanganisa izingxenye kwezicubu ezilandelayo: imisipha Imicu yotshani syncytia (omunye izigaba zokukhula germ cells amadoda), izinhlayiya zegazi erythrocyte, epidermal izikali Horny (postkletochnye isakhiwo), kanye kuyi-collagen, nokunwebeka kanye reticular izidakamizwa intercellular.

Ukuvela welithi "izicubu"

Umqondo "indwangu" eyayisetshenziswa usosayensi waseBrithani Nehemiya Grew. Owayefunda kwezicubu ezitshalweni, izazi zesayensi ziye zaqaphela ukufana izakhiwo yeselula ne fibre-yendwangu Indwangu. Khona-ke (1671) kwezicubu ziye ezichazwe ngisho nomqondo onjalo.

Marie François Ksave Bisha, anatomist French emsebenzini wakhe nakakhulu sima siqine nomqondo emisipheni. Lesitshalo nezinqubo kwezicubu futhi ifundelwe Alekseem Alekseevichem Zavarzinym (imfundiso yokuziphendukela parallel imigqa), Nikolaem Grigorevichem Hlopinym (imfundiso yokuziphendukela etshiyeneyo ukuthuthukiswa) kanye nabanye abaningi.

Futhi nangu ngezigaba wokuqala kwezicubu ifomu lapho siyazi ukuthi namuhla, labonakala okokuqala ehlongozwayo ngu microscopists German Frantsem Leydigom futhi Kelikerom. Ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, izicubu izinhlobo zihlanganisa amaqembu ezine eziyinhloko: EPITHELIAL (umngcele), lo coupling (asekelayo-trophic), imisipha (esifushanisiwe) futhi izinzwa (abangothathekile).

luhlolo histological kwezokwelapha

Namuhla, Histology njengoba isayensi ukuthi etadisha kwezicubu kuyasiza kakhulu sitholakele isimo kwezitho nokuqokwa okunye ukwelashwa yangaphakathi.

Lapho sifundela umuntu othile unesifo izinsolo khona isimila esibulalayo emzimbeni, omunye Luhlolo wokuqala histological umiswa. Lokhu, eqinisweni, ukutadisha izicubu isampula isiguli, etholwe biopsy, wokubhoboza, curettage, nge steel (biopsy excisional) noma ezinye izindlela.

Ngenxa histological luhlolo isayensi ukuthi etadisha isakhiwo kwezicubu, kusiza yokunika ukuphathwa okufaneleka kakhulu kunokunye. Esikhathini isithombe esingenhla ungabona isampula izicubu tracheal ingcoliswe hematoxylin futhi eosin.

azihlole wenziwa uma kunesidingo:

• ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa uphethwe zilethwe ngaphambili;
• ukusungula i ukusazi ngokunembile isifo esikuphethe lapho kunezinkinga impikiswano;
• ukucacisa khona umdlavuza e zisaqala;
• bagcine Dynamics izinguquko izifo ebulalayo sinombono ukuvimbela nabo;
• nokuqalisa umehluko ukuhlola izinqubo ezenzeka izitho;
• ukucacisa khona umdlavuza kanye isigaba saso yokukhula;
• uhlaziyo izinguquko eziqhubekayo emisipheni ukwelashwa kakade ebekiwe.

amasampula Tissue abangu wafunda ngokuningiliziwe ngendlela microscopically wendabuko noma ngesivinini esikhulu. Indlela yomdabu eside, isetshenziswa kakhulu ngokuvamile. Isebenzisa upharafini.

Kodwa indlela yashesha kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba uthole imiphumela yokuhlolwa ngaphansi kwehora. Le ndlela isetshenziswa uma kukhona esiphuthumayo wenze isinqumo esiphathelene nokususwa noma nokugcinwa umzimba wesiguli.

Imiphumela yokuhlaziya histological ngokuvamile inembe kunazo ngoba ukunikeza ithuba ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe amaseli kwezicubu ngokuba khona kwalesi sifo, kube sezingeni ukulimala emzimbeni kanye nokwelashwa yayo.

Ngakho, isayensi etadisha izicubu, kunikeza ithuba hhayi kuphela ukuhlola ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu isakhiwo umzimba, izitho, izicubu amaseli we eziphilayo, kodwa futhi izinsiza in the ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo sina futhi izinqubo sokugembula emzimbeni.