Mali (ezweni). Zwe eliseNtshonalanga Afrika

Ngamunye lizwe a lot of izici ezithakazelisayo futhi imininingwane. Kunoma iyiphi enye kwazo ongakusho eziningi. Ikakhulukazi uma kuba ezweni elikude futhi exotic. Ngokwesibonelo, republic Afrika Mali. Yini okufanele ukwazi kuqala?

isikhundla ezindawo

Thola kumephu Mali kungaba entshonalanga ye-Afrika. Izwe ithatha cishe kwesigamu sesigidi amakhilomitha square, noma kunalokho - 1.24. Amashumi amabini anamabini amawaka babo benta amanzi, kanti bonke abanye - umhlaba. Usayizi yezwe kungaba umqondo kangcono uma wazi ukuthi ufana Republic of South Africa noma kabili Texas. Ubude umngcele ingamakhilomitha angu inkulungwane namakhulu amabili namashumi amane nantathu eziyisikhombisa. Entshonalanga yezwe Senegal, enyakatho - Algeria futhi Mauritania, ngasempumalanga kukhona Niger kanye neBurkina Faso, eningizimu Mali - ezweni Côte d'Ivoire, ngaphambili eyayaziwa -Ivory Coast, futhi Guinea.

Inhlokodolobha nesifunda

Njengoba kunoma yiliphi izwe, e Mali kukhona kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sesigaba zokuphatha. On ke isehlane ensimini ka izifunda eziyisishiyagalombili. Umbutho ahlukene iyinhloko-dolobha ye Mali - Bamako. Izindawo zihlukaniswe izifunda, okuyizinto wezwe amabili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili. Ngaphezu division zokuphatha, kukhona womhlaba. Nature Mali ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinkulu. Lona ehlane elisenyakatho isimo, esifundeni ushintsho - Sahel, izinhlobo ezimbili savannah futhi endaweni semifula emfuleni Niger.

Amanzi pool

Umfula omkhulu kunayo iyona Niger yiwo ogelezela waseGuinea, unqamula endaweni ka-Mali futhi siqondiswe enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ngokuvumelana amagatsha amaningi, iziteshi nasemachibini, futhi emaxhaphozini. Esikhathini delta olusungulwe ezivumela ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ukunisela. Njengoba Republic of Mali itholakala endaweni esikhundleni eyomile, khona ubunjiniyela wokubacindezela ngoba ibaluleke kakhulu. Ingxenye iziteshi yokufakelwa ngenkasa iphindwa ithrekhi komlando Niger. Entshonalanga, kukhona umfula Senegal, okuyinto ngenxa nokuhlanganiswa Bako futhi Bafing. Ngo-delta salo esibi kunazo zonke Mali. Leli zwe futhi libhekene eziningi amagquma. Ezintabeni eningizimu-ntshonalanga sandstone iba isimo umcengezi engenhla Niger noBani, okuyinto owumthelela.

izintaba

Ngaphezu ithafa sandstone, ensimini kanye nezinye izindawo oqeda ungqimba lomhlaba. Ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe ezintabeni phakathi emadolobheni Gao futhi Mopti. Empumalanga, leli temu Ostantsovy afanayo ngokuthi Hombori. Indawo ephakeme kakhulu entabeni eziyinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nanhlanu amamitha. Lona umbhalo ogciniwe nje kuphela ukuthi amalungu afanayo, kodwa ezweni lonkana. Enye kokuphakama ezinkulu yasethafeni kuyinto-Adrar des Ifoghas.

izimila

Naphezu nokhahlo sezulu esishisayo ephawula Afrika, Mali kungase ngiziqhayise kahle ezihlukahlukene flora. Iningi endaweni embozwe ezihlukahlukene nezihlahla kanye notshani. On endaweni Sahel kukhona ngomuthi, entendeni zinhlobo sembubhiso, ama-baobab ngesiNgisi, kuNerewu kapokovye izihlahla, shea ibhotela, Ceiba, plums zasendle nezinye izinketho angavamile. Eningizimu, kukhona izihlahla zesundu Rone, waseSenegal Kaya, lingasetshenziswa esigungwini, ezihlukahlukene izitshalo herbaceous.

emhlabeni isilwane

Fauna Mali umxhwele ukwehluka Amazing. Kulezi zindawo lamathafa izifunda kukhona izinyamazane ezivamile ezinkulu - Oryx, Addax, nezinyamazane, izingulule, izindlulamithi kanye izimpisi ezimthende. Ngo amathafa owakhiwe warthogs - izingulube zasendle Afrika futhi ezihlukahlukene ezidla - izimpungushe, amabhubesi nezingwe. izinyamazane Evamile. Ngeshwa, kunciphe unaphakade izindlovu lemali. okumqoka iyona emifuleni nasemachibini baseMali. Izwe waziphatha izinhlanzi nokudoba, kubhekwa eyigugu kakhulu Nile perch, eyaziwa nangokuthi "kusho uCaptain." Kabanzi emelelwa izinambuzane - izinyosi, omiyane, umuhlwa, izintwala. Eziningi yingozi empilweni yezilwane womuntu. Ukuvikelwa zezitshalo nezilwane isimo waziphatha kahulumeni yokulondoloza imvelo ngokuthi Boucle du Baoulé National Park.

kwemithombo yemvelo

Zonke izinhlobo ezidingekayo sokuthuthukisa asebenzayo isimo, emelelwe endaweni Mali kahle. Izwe uqhosha idiphozithi yanoma amatshe ayigugu kanye amatshe - kuthiwa misela igolide namadayimane. Futhi, ezimayini kungatholakala Mali ithusi, bauxite, manganese, i-uranium, egwadle, lithium, ithebula usawoti. Kukhona kuleli zwe futhi kaolin nobumba.

izimo zezulu

Izwe itholakala eshisayo yezwekazi band. Eningizimu, okuyinto iyinhloko-dolobha ye Mali, isimo sezulu subequatorial. Kube kushintshana zonyaka ezomile futhi liyana. Eyokuqala ihlala kusukela November kuya June, kanti owesibili - kusuka July kuya ku-October. Phakathi nenkathi eyomile kuleli zwe ubuswa imimoya enyakatho-mpumalanga ezibangela iziphepho zesihlabathi. Maphakathi Mali, Bamako, kukhona umxhwele lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni ngaphakathi ngosuku olulodwa - kusihlwa, ebusuku futhi ekuseni kukhona epholile, futhi emini izinga lokushisa engaphezu kuka amathathu lamadigri ukushisa. Isifunda ensimini ka eSahara kukhona imimoya harmattan, isiphepho-amandla akufani. Amazinga lapha ifinyelela degrees amane nanhlanu ukushisa. kwezulu Maximum kuhluke izindawo eningizimu - uwela lapha kuya kwangu ayizinkulungwane ngonyaka. Ezweni lonke, kukhona isomiso njalo. amabili namashumi amathathu - In, emzini Timbuktu Sahara esifundeni uwela ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amamilimitha angu ngonyaka.

Abantu Mali

Cishe eziyikhulu namashumi abangaba amaphesenti angu-imelelwa Negroid. Kuphela ezinye izindawo enyakatho kukhona abamele uhlobo Mediterranean kwabaMhlophe - Arabhu kanye Tuaregs. ukwehluka Umxhwele ngokobuhlanga Mali - kubantu zamashumi. Iningi lazo basonta Niger-Kord-Fann ulimi umndeni, kukhona abamele West Atlantic, futhi i-Afro-Asiatic Voltskaya. Abantu abaningi kakhulu kukhona Bambara, isekela ulimi ezivamile. Leli qembu yobuhlanga ingatholakala abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi yezwe. Ngakusasa kuyinto Malinke namanxusa entshonalanga. Njengoba lowo odlule, abantu anesizotha wahlanganyela ezolimo nezinkomo zizalela.

Ezolimo kanye Senufo bukhoma, futhi Mande. On osebeni Niger eyayihlala Isi-Songhai wahlanganyela ayimizulane Izinkomo zizalela. Ezindaweni ezimangelengele iningi Isi-Dogon siphile ngendlela emangalisayo ukuba aphumelele kwezolimo ezindaweni ezabe zincishwe amathuba kakhulu. isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe bafanelwe Tuaregs. Lokhu abantu abayimizulane avela empumalanga. Arabhu bekwi Izinkomo zizalela futhi ukuhweba endaweni iChibi Faguibine kanye Sahara. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesi sizwe akulona ezivamile, ithinta kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimo. Ngakho, inkolo Muslim ukusakaza ngaphansi kwethonya layo, futhi babe kukhethwa iningi.

Fulani uhlanga ezithakazelisa. Ngokubukeka yabo ihlanganisa izici Negroid futhi uhlanga Caucasoid. Sinenkosi ukukhanya esinsundu. Fulani abahlala Atlantic coast kanye endaweni aseSahel, kanye eNiger Delta. Labantu awunamatheli amasiko Muslim, ilondoloza nezinkolelo zendabuko. Abantu bakhulekela izitshalo, izilwane, amatshe, kanye ukuhlonipha amadlozi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abanye abantu ukwamukela Islam, kodwa ukugcina ezinye izinkolelo yobuqaba. Izwe libhekene yamazinga aphezulu zokwenyuka kwenani labantu - isibalo abahlali kwandisa wokugcina eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-ezimbili minyaka yonke. Cishe isigamu sabantu - ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, futhi abameleli yobudala yokuthatha umhlalaphansi - angaphezu kwayisithupha amaphesenti.

National Izimpawu Mali

Independence lizwe yazuza hhayi kudala. Kufanekisa wabonakala ngo-1961, ngemva lizwe ayibange isaba yingxenye yomphakathi waseFrance. Ifulege isetshenziswa njengoba iwebhu ngendlela quadrilateral, ubude okubhekisele ububanzi e isilinganiso ezintathu ezimbili. Isetshenziselwa kusezweni ngezinhloso yomphakathi, civil nezempi. Ifulege ihlukaniswe imivimbo emithathu mpo yobukhulu alinganayo. Flagstaff band ukukhanya green, maphakathi - elikhanyayo aphuzi, kodwa ene-onqenqemeni - abomvu. Eyokuqala lwethemba, amasimu emadlelweni, ezolimo, lapho umnotho uncika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuwuphawu emisha njalo kanye sesimanje. Yellow imakwe ingcebo amaminerali ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu naleso sakhamuzi yezwe. Ekugcineni, obomvu - uphawu emzabalazweni wenkhululeko ukuzimela. Ngaphambili, ikoloni kwaba ifulege indwangu isiFulentshi, kulekelelwa ngumuntu omnyama sibalo Kanaga. Lesi sithombe sendoda abenyukela abasekeli umqondo ka wedwa abamnyama. sibalo zobandlululo lasuswa kusukela lalifanekisela 1961 ngokungavamile, kodwa akukho imibala ifulege indesheni. Kuyinto disk okwesibhakabhaka okuyinto zaveza uheshe emhlophe iminsalo nemicibisholo, uphelele umqhele.