Zihlanganisa yiphi ingxenye yeseli ebaluleke kakhulu? Amaseli ngesibonakhulu

Kunezigidigidi zinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Kulawa, kuphela amagciwane amafomu non-yeselula zokuphila. Zonke ezinye kulencane yakhe, kodwa esiyinhloko iyunithi kwesakhiwo abe yezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, kuba - i Isikhombisi esibalulekile muntu ekhona, okuqondene eyodwa noma omunye umbuso bemvelo. Izingxenye futhi iseli organelles kungase kuchaze indlela umzimba eziphilayo luyakhula futhi lapho izindlela lwenzeke ngaphakathi-ke. Lokhu kwesakhiwo iyunithi isakhiwo yolwazi Kubalulekile ukuqonda yonke imvelo jikelele.

Ubude iseli isakhiwo uhlelo

Cell ngesibonakhulu - umbukiso ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi kufihlwe kangakanani kuphuma ehlweni lomuntu, futhi kukhona ezingeni microcosm! Njengoba sekunezikhali lokhu eliyingqayizivele kudivayisi optical isibe kungenzeka ukuba babe yingxenye yalowo alolu, ukuhlola nokuqonda izindlela zokuphila, ukuze ufunde ukuthi bazibandakanye kuzo futhi ukuze kuzuze abantu.

Ngakho, kwatholakala ukuthi akubona bonke eziphilayo kufanele isakhiwo esifanayo iyunithi. Umehluko abakhona cishe kuzo zonke ilungu umbuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye eyinhloko iseli isitshalo azisafani kwezilwane. Timphawu isakhiwo kukhona amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta. Nokho, usengakwazi ukubona imigomo ejwayelekile kwengqamuzana.

1. Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo ngesimo molecule e-DNA (i-eziphilayo eukaryotic - izitshalo, isikhunta, izilwane - bagxila nucleus, prokaryotes (amagciwane) musa ngikhiphé nucleus).
2. ulwelwesi Cytoplasmic ibeka okuqukethwe isikhala yangaphakathi kanye nemithelela zangaphandle.
3. I cytoplasm nge organelles futhi inclusions.

organelles Ziningi nezalo wonke amaseli, okuyinto waphinda kuqinisekisa umsuka elivamile laso sonke eziphilayo eplanethini yethu okufanayo. izingxenye ezihlelekile iyunithi ophilayo ngempela eziningi ngamunye. Kuyinto, isibonelo, kwi:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• ama-apharathasi Golgi;
• EPS (reticulum noma reticulum endoplasmic);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions wamaprotheni ne-carbohydrate, futhi abanye.

Kukhona esinda organelles ethize ahlukile nalabo abamele noma yimuphi umbuso ethile yemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye eyinhloko plant cells - hhayi nje ikhenela, kodwa udonga cell kanye vacuole. Kuvele plastids ezibalulekile, kodwa lezi zakhiwo abekho amayunithi isilwane.

Zihlanganisa yiphi ingxenye yeseli ebaluleke kakhulu?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phela, ngaphandle kwengxenye yalo isakhi iseli ngeke ukwazi ukuphila ngokuvamile nokuthuthukisa. Kodwa namanje zikhona eziningana izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu phakathi nemisebenzi organelles nezingxenye.

1. Nucleus indwangu nucleoli futhi zofuzo bagxila kuma-chromosome.
2. Udonga cell (izitshalo), ulwelwesi cytoplasmic (wonke amaseli), igobolondo mucic (ngoba amagciwane).
3. I cytoplasm yezingxenye kwesakhiwo.

Lezi zingxenye - oluyisisekelo noma iyiphi iseli, kungakhathaliseki umzimba obekungeyenye noma olunye uhlobo. Phakathi organelles cytoplasmic Ungase futhi ukhombise ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yeseli ebaluleke kakhulu.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Iinsetjenziswa (eziyinkimbinkimbi) Golgi.

Kusobala ukuthi uthishanhloko ungabiza kunazo zonke amayunithi isakhi iyunithi isakhiwo eziphilayo.

Ikhenela futhi oyiyo

Ngokomlando umbono ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko iseli - nucleus. Nokho, akuwona wonke ukuba nayo. Ngakho, akukho nuclei ku:

• abavuthiwe amangqamuzana abomvu egazi;
• kokuqhuba amaseli zezitshalo kwezicubu ;
• amagciwane.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo zawo, okuyinto, kunalokho, nuclei eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo:

• poperchnopolosatye imisipha;
• amakhowe;
• zasolwandle;
• zemifino izitsha lactiferous.

Ngokuvamile, uhlaka we plan ingenye isakhiwo kubhekwe. Kukhona izingxenye eziningana eziyisisekelo ezakha core iyiphi.

1. Karyotheca (imvilophi senuzi) - simele double ulwelwesi isakhiwo oyibamba njengoba izithiyo phakathi cytoplasm kanye nengaphakathi kwangaphakathi. Ukuze-ke anamekwe ingaphandle ribosome, le CSE, le Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
2. Karyoplasm - yangaphakathi gel-matrix ngokugcwalisa ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Enye igama - nucleoplasm. Iqukethe amaprotheni ezahlukene, i-RNA ribosomal.
3. Chromatin uyakwazi wahlukanisa-chromosomes Helical enqwabelene. Ukwakheka kwalo ikakhulukazi olunikezwa zingu-DNA. calcium ne-magnesium ion Zikhona, amaphrotheni, i-RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, owenziwe waba owasendaweni ezindaweni ezizungeze chromosome. Zakhiwa RNA, DNA, amaprotheni. Isetshenziselwa inhlangano yabantwana subunits ribosomal synthesis p-RNA (RNA ribosomal).

It is a plan jikelele isakhiwo zenuzi, okuyindawo kusobala ukuthi ukubaluleka lesi sakhiwo engqamuzaneni ngalinye - juqu zokugaya, isitoreji kanye nokudlulisela ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ngokuhlanganisa izici zofuzo.

I cytoplasm nalokho okukushoyo

Ukubaluleka kwalokhu isakhiwo kuphela wavula lo mshini inamandla ikakhulukazi imishini okwandisa. Ngaphambi ukuthi kwakufanele - nje ayizidleke organelles. Nokho, manje-ke wathola ukuthi cytoplasm ngokohlaka elandelayo.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni amashubhu ukuthi yakha inethiwekhi core. Ngaphakathi ukuhambisa organelles cell.
2. Cytosol noma hyaloplasm - cytoskeleton colloidal okuqukethwe yangaphakathi, lapho amaminerali kakhulu ziyoncibilika, amanzi, kukhona lipids, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate. Lokho izinqubo cell umzimba abazenzi ezibikwa izakhiwo ndawonye.
3. Ectoplasm - the cytoplasm, ngqo eseduze ulwelwesi. Endoplasma - sonke isikhala phakathi karyotheca futhi ectoplasm.

Esikhathini cytoplasm zokuthutha izinqubo intracellular zenzeka evumela ukuba sisondelene phezu izingxenye ephambili. Kuyinto ngenxa ukunyakaza njalo othakazelisayo isakhiwo ku organelles ngaphakathi amaseli ukuhambisa.

I cytoplasmic ulwelwesi

Limelela bilipidny ungqimba nokunwebeka lwangena by amaprotheni molecule. Imfundiso ezivame kakhulu ukwakheka kwale organelle - umfuziselo ketshezi-KaMose. Usebenzela ukwehlukanisa imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi esitokisini. Ingabe permeability abakhethayo, Ngakho-ke, lokho kuvimbela futhi ivikela ngokumelene ingress izinhlayiya angaphandle. Ngezindlela eziningi ke igcina iseli ukuma.

Uma impendulo yombuzo othi: "Yini ingxenye yeseli ebaluleke kakhulu", owokuqala kuzoba ulwelwesi, ngoba ngamunye wabo. Umehluko isakhiwo zenzeka zinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze ama-bacterium isici kufakwe ukubunjwa chitin, isilwane - uma yena engekho.

mitochondria

Letakhi akuzona lutho ngokuthi amandla noma "izitshalo amandla" amaseli. Kuyinto kulezi izinqubo zenzeka phosphorylation oxidative okuholela amandla ukhululeka ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo amandla ungumthombo zonke izinqubo zokuphila, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Amagama izingxenye amaseli ngaso sonke isikhathi kuthathwe ngokushesha. Endabeni mitochondria ekuqaleni ngo-1894, lezi zakhiwo iye yachazwa ngaphansi kwegama bioblastov.

Ngu uqobo, isakhiwo saleli organelle kunalokho ezithakazelisayo. I yangaphandle ulwelwesi bilayer. Isendlalelo kwangaphakathi has a isakhiwo eligoqiwe, wakha cristae, lapho kuhlelwa ribosome eziningi.

Mitochondria babe DNA zabo futhi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili i-RNA (ezokuthutha kanye-matrix). Futhi kukhona eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni. Inani izakhiwo kuseli ziyahlukahluka, okungukuthi kuncike umsebenzi isitho. Inani elikhulu mitochondria aqukethe imisipha amaseli.

ribosomes

Small round isakhiwo amnyama kungabonwa lapho behlola amaseli ngesibonakhulu electron, ngokuthi ribosomes. Kuba yisikhathi futhi lapho ingxenye enkulu cell, ngoba ngqo esebenzayo ingxenye emhlanganweni amaprotheni molecule.

Ngamandla abo, tiniketwe ribonucleoprotein bakha ingxenye yesine yezikhulu lonke yengqamuzana. Yakhiwa subunits ezimbili ezingafani, united kwelinye round shape. Njengoba unamathele Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, EPS, mitochondria, i-nucleus. Kutholwe ngaphakathi Kwezinye izingxenye.

It is kuhlelwe umqondo ngu ribosomes amaprotheni molecule kudingeka kubo bonke izinqubo ngepulasitiki ne amandla umzimba.

reticulum endoplasmic

amaseli ngesibonakhulu sifana Maze kakhulu striated. Lena isakhiwo ngoba ezifana EPS noma reticulum endoplasmic, reticulum. Lunikeza lonke inethiwekhi iziteshi branched, amashubhu, izitsha eziyisikhombisa, okuyinto sisithandele zonke organelles, futhi ikakhulukazi eduze bagxila emhlabeni i-nucleus.

Ukuze kula mapayipi neziteshi esivusa (zokuthutha) izinhlayiya sihluke kwesinye isitokisi bazifake kwesinye ingxenye. Ngakho-ke EPS - njengenye izakhiwo nendlela yawo ebanzi.

Vacuole cell udonga - yeseli isitshalo

Uma impendulo yombuzo othi: "Yini ingxenye yeseli esibaluleke kunazo izitshalo", ngaphezu okungenhla, kufanele wengeze abanye abambalwa. Lena ngokuyinhloko odongeni cell. Kuyinto imvilophi obukhulu kulandela ulwelwesi cytoplasmic. It yakhiwa cellulose nezinye carbohydrate futhi inikeza amandla amaseli akhethekile. Izihlahla is afuthwe ngesibulali izinto ezikhethekile - lignin. Yingakho ngemiboko yazo enamandla. Futhi, isakhiwo cell udonga obumba ukuma iseli iyonke.

Vacuole - lena ingxenye enkulu isakhiwo isitshalo amayunithi. Kuthatha cishe wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu isikhala kwangaphakathi kweseli. Liquid egcwele ngaphakathi, okuyinto ubisi cell. Le nhlanganisela amanzi, amavithamini, amaminerali, amahomoni, ama-carbohydrate.

plastids

Kanti ezinye izingxenye isitshalo cell - plastids. Emelelwa zinhlobo ezintathu:

• leucoplasts - kungekho nto enemibala emihle,
• chromoplasts - obomvu, osawolintshi, zombala ophuzi;
• chloroplast - aqukethe oluhlaza sombala i-chlorophyll.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu wokugcina, ngoba abahileleke ngokuqondile i-photosynthesis.