Umoya-mpilo kokuba ngokwemvelo. umoya-mpilo umjikelezo ngokwemvelo

Njengoba sekunama-isintu-chemistry sobala ukuthi konke yakhiwa material okuyinto yakhiwa izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izinto ezihambisana compounds ezihlukahlukene izakhi elula. Njengamanje, ovulekile futhi afakwe ishadi lesikhathi salezi Mendeleev 118 izakhi zamakhemikhali. Phakathi kwabo kufanele basho eziningi ehamba phambili, khona lapho kuchazwa ukubukeka izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Lolu hlu lufaka: nitrogen, carbon, i-oksijini, i-hydrogen, i-sulphur, ne phosphorus.

Oxygen: umlando ukutholakala

Zonke lezi zinto, kanye nedlanzana labanye, zinomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwemvelo eziphilayo eplanethini yethu ngesimo lapho sifakaza manje. Kuzo zonke izingxenye oxygen kuwukuthi uhlobo ngaphezu kwezinye izakhi. Oxygen njengoba into ehlukile uvulekele Agasti 1, 1774 Dzhozefom Pristli. Phakathi belungiselela emoyeni isikali experiment mercury ngokubeka amalahle usebenzisa lens ezivamile, wathola ukuthi ikhandlela lishisa ilangabi elikhanyayo ngokungavamile.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, uPriestley wazama ukuthola incazelo ezwakalayo lokhu. Ngaleso sikhathi, igama "emoyeni yesibili" unikwe lesi simanga. Ngandlela-thile ngaphambili, umsunguli we-AK Drebbel ngwenya ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII wakhetha umoya-mpilo futhi alisebenzisela yokuphefumula wakhe wokusungula. Kodwa ucwaningo yakhe akazange kuthinte ukuqonda indima eyadlalwa oksijini ngenhlobo ye-eneji yezinto eziphilayo. Nokho, ososayensi, wavula ngokusemthethweni oxygen wathola usokhemisi French Antuan Loran Lavuaze. It okuphindiwe ukuhlola kanye uPriestley wayeqonda ukuthi ukwakha igesi liyisici ehlukile.

Oxygen ihlangana izinto cishe yonke elula eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle amagesi inert nezinsimbi zasebukhosini.

umoya-mpilo kokuba ngokwemvelo

Phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi kuyiplanethi yethu ithatha share elikhulu nomoya-mpilo. Oxygen ukusatshalaliswa ngokwemvelo nezimo kakhulu. Kuyinto ekhona ifomu isibiyeli, kanye khulula. Njengomthetho, ngokuba oxidant enamandla, ke usesimweni lesibopho. Oxygen kokuba emvelweni njengoba isici esihlukile olukhululekile waloba kuphela emkhathini emhlabeni.

Kuqukethwe ngesimo igesi futhi imele uxhumano athomu amabili-mpilo. Kumayelana 21% umthamo isamba emkhathini.

Oxygen emoyeni, ngaphezu ifomu yakhe evamile, ine ukuma isotropic ngesimo i-ozone. I-molecule-ozone siqukethe ama-athomu amathathu-mpilo. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwesibhakabhaka kuhlobane ngokuqondile khona kwale kwakwakhe emkhathini. Ngenxa i-ozone, ngesandla esiqinile iDemo-wave kwemisebe ilanga lethu wakwamukela futhi engakutholi kwamanzi.

In the ukungabikho ungqimba lwe-ozone eziphilayo Phephetha, efana ukudla okuthosiwe ku-microwave oven.

Iplanethi hydrosphere le nto ngefomu lesibopho amabili molecule e-hydrogen, lwakha amanzi. Ingxenye oxygen olwandle, nasemachibini, emifuleni kanye komhlaba Kulinganiselwa mayelana 86- 89%, ikhumbula oncibilikile.

Ngo-oxygen uqweqwe kuba ifomu isibiyeli, futhi iyona element ezivamile. isabelo sayo imayelana 47%. umoya-mpilo kokuba ngokwemvelo akugcini ezivalekile le planethi, lento likhona akubo bonke eziphilayo. share yayo isilinganiso ifinyelela 67% we isisindo Imininingwane lwazo zonke izinto.

Oxygen - ngesisekelo ukuphila

Ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu oxidizing-mpilo eyanele ihlanganisa kalula oluxube kakhulu futhi izinto ukwakha oxides. High namachibi umthamo isici ihlinzeka inqubo owaziwa bokusha. Oxygen nawo uhilelekile kule inqubo namachibi kancane.

indima oxygen imvelo njengendlela agent eqinile oxidizing kuyinto Irreplaceable inqubo msebenzi obalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Ngalesi inqubo yamakhemikhali namachibi ejenti, ukukhulula amandla. eziphilayo wakhe ophilayo zisebenzisa ekuziphiliseni.

Izitshalo - umthombo oksijini emkhathini

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala ukwakheka emkhathini iplanethi yethu-mpilo wayekhona isimo eboshiwe ifomu-carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izitshalo zazikwazi amunce isikhutha.

Le nqubo senziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukuvela ye-photosynthesis. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-ukuphila izitshalo izigidi zeminyaka e emkhathini woMhlaba zanqwabelana semali-mpilo khulula.

Ngokusho ososayensi, esikhathini esidlule, isisindo sayo Ingxenye safinyelela 30%, nohafu ezingaphezu kuka manje. Izitshalo, kokubili esikhathini esidlule futhi manje, kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo emjikelezweni womoya-mpilo ngokwemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze ezihlukahlukene yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene kule planethi yethu.

umoya-mpilo Inani imvelo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. izilwane zasendle umzimba Uhlelo ngokucacile esekelwe khona oksijini emkhathini. Ngo ukungezwakali kwawo, ukuphila kube nzima kakhulu ngesimo lapho siyazi. Phakathi abakhileyo iplanethi kuyoba anaerobic kuphela (bakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle khona komoya-mpilo) eziphilayo.

Fundzisisa -mpilo umjikelezo ngokwemvelo enikeziwe ukuthi ezintathu zithi wokuhlanganisa ukuze sihlanganise nezinye izakhi. Njengoba oxidizer eqinile, kuba kalula kakhulu isuka ezinefomu okuhlobene. Futhi sibonga kuphela izitshalo, okuyinto wajinge wanamatsela ngu-photosynthesis-carbon dioxide, itholakala ifomu free.

ukuphefumula nezilwane nezinambuzane inqubo kusekelwe kokuthola i-oksijini olukhululekile i ukusabela namachibi zokunciphisa, kulandele ukuthola amandla ukunikeza umzimba. umoya-mpilo nenhlalakahle ngokwemvelo, aboshwe futhi mahhala, ihlinzeka umsebenzi ephelele esibalulekile zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Evolution kanye "yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali" planethi

Ukuvela bokuphila ngokwako kule planethi wencike Ukwakheka ezithile emkhathini woMhlaba, ukwakheka amaminerali kanye namanzi esimweni liquid. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali qweqwe, umkhathi khona amanzi aba ngesisekelo umsuka wokuphila emhlabeni kunquma isiqondiso kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo.

Kususelwa etholakalayo "yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali" iplanethi kwemvelo wafika carbon eziphilayo esekelwe amanzi kuphela, amakhemikhali, kanye usebenzisa i-oksijini njengoba oxidant kute kukhicitwe emandla.

omunye kwemvelo

Kulesi sigaba yesayensi yanamuhla akaphiki benethuba lokuphila kwezinye izindawo kuka izimo eliwumhlaba, lapho isisekelo ukwakhiwa-molecule organic longabekelwa Silicon noma i-arsenic. Osebenzelana ketshezi njengamafutha kuphela kungenzeka nenye ammonia liquid nge-helium. Kepha emkhathini, kungase amelwe ngesimo hydrogen ne okuphothula ane-helium ne nezinye amagesi.

Yikuphi izinqubo umzimba kungaba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ukuthi isayensi yesimanje akakabi ukwazi kukhombisa. Nokho, lokhu isiqondiso kwemvelo kokuphila kwamukelekile ngempela. Njengoba kufakazelwa sikhathi, isintu njalo bebhekene ukunwetshwa kwemingcele ekuqondeni kwethu emhlabeni futhi ukuphila kuwo.