Biology. Izinhlelo Iqembu elula

amaqembu ahlukene taxonomic alula (isithombe ezinye izinto eziphilayo ethulwa kulesi sihloko) ehlangana izilwane owumphumela, okuqondene iqembu eukaryotes. Kusuka kwamanye eukaryotes, bayehluka e bavamise aqukethe kuphela kuseli eyodwa, nakuba kungase kube eziningana. Ngenxa yalokho, emangqamuzaneni lenhlangano ubani ozothola eliphakeme. Ukuze amaqembu taxonomic umane ungafaki eziphilayo musa siyahlangabezana nale mfuneko. Cishe bonke abamele kukhona ezincane ngobukhulu.

izici morphological bokuphila

Ngokusho izinga labo abahluke kwamangqamuzana morphological bokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, elilula isakhiwo amoeba (abanamigoqo umahluko organelles ukunciphisa, ezinyakazayo bamba nezinye ukudla.). Futhi uma sikhuluma ciliates, inhlangano yabo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa anomqondo ebusweni pellikulyarnye elula isakhiwo, kanye inkomba contractile fibrils, kanye organelles motion, ukuvikelwa, ukudla bamba futhi t. D.). Wonke amaqembu taxonomic lenyama zinezikhathi uhlobo ultrastructure yeselula, kanye jikelele injongo organelles: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria. Umnyombo dvuhmembrannoy yabo lizungezwe igobolondo, lapho kukhona ikhule ezimbotsheni. Iqukethe nucleoli, karyoplasm futhi Ama-chromosomes e (ngokuvamile nucleus interphase bona despiralizovany).

eziningana zezinto eziphilayo

Kuze kube manje, lezi zinhlangano eziyizikhondlakhondla taxonomic wafunda lenyama. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-25-30 izinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo. Futhi kuphela lezo zatholwa ososayensi. Isibalo zemvelo nje ube ngaphezu izikhathi ezimbalwa, ngoba uphenyo ngenxa zobuchwepheshe futhi ubukhulu bawo encanyana. Amakhulu uhlobo olusha lenyama bachazwa njalo ngonyaka. Bonke zihlukaniswe namakilasi amahlanu athatha: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates futhi sarkodovyh. izici ngokuqhathanisa amaqembu aphansi ehlelekile ivumela ukukhetha izici alandisa. On abaningi babo ngeke okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Indima ngokwemvelo

Lenyama kuvamile kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Akulesi endaweni okuphawulekayo eziwukudla, kanye kule uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli iyonke. Abaningi babo (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-plankton zasolwandle. Ngokushesha zanda, bavame sifinyelele inani elikhulu. Lezi nezilwanyana ezincane - ebalulekile ekudleni zooplankton zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi copepods. Ngokuvamile elula (ciliates, foraminifera) zifakwe benthos zasolwandle, okuyinto itholakala kusukela zone intertidal kumuntu ukujula okukhulu kakhulu. Inani microorganism kuyinto benthic angenasawoti ingxenye ne-plankton. Lesitshalo Ukwakheka eliphilayo elilula ngamanzi agobhozayo, - isibonisi saprobity, isb nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngu izinto eziphilayo. Ukudla kwabaningi izinhlanzi izibungu, kuhlanganise nokudoba, ezinye elula, avame ciliates.

zinhlobo yisinanakazana

Leli qembu esihleliwe lenyama abasakwazi eziningi. Ngokuphelele akhiwa ezimbili amakilasi ezidala - knidosporidii futhi sporozoans. Okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwalezi lenyama izimuncagazi womuntu, ezincelisayo zamabhizinisi nasemakhaya, izinhlanzi nezinyoni. Ngoba bona izifo wobuntu zihlanganisa giardiasis, i-leishmaniasis amoebiasis, umalaleveva. Kuwa kakhulu izinkomo izifo ezibangela igazi izimuncagazi - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

Leli qembu ehlelekile nje isicelo okuningi umonakalo kanye nezinkukhu (coccidiosis). Izifo protozoal izinhlanzi ukulima ehlupheka izinhlanzi ikakhulu engamahlongandlebe kwezohwebo. Ikakhulukazi, Ichthyophthirius, ciliate yisinanakazana (ngenhla) kungabangela ukufa gazinga. Engxenyeni enkulu knidosporidii ekilasini siqukethe izinhlanzi yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho bese izinambuzane eziwusizo - amacimbi nezinyosi. Namuhla, izindlela usebenzisa lezi elula, okungukuthi, microsporidia, yokulwa izinambuzane. imiphumela ethembisa kuye kwakhishwa kulesi siqondiso.

lenyama zasolwandle

Leli qembu elula ehlelekile esadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni rocks sedimentary. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi radiolarians futhi foraminifera. ezifakwa Abaningi ekhumuzelayo, limestones nye shushuzela sedimentary kwakheka at ezahlukene izikhathi Geological ku amadamu ulwandle luqala ukujula kakhulu, izinhlaka zamathambo kancane noma ngokugcwele kwakhiwa (siliceous noma calcareous) wezinsalela zamandulo lenyama. Ngakho ukuhlaziywa Micropaleontological eyenziwa wezokwakha Geological, ikakhulukazi uwoyela ukuhlola.

Ukusebenzisa laboratory umkhuba

Ngo-laboratory umkhuba kabanzi izinhlobo ezahlukene ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama (ciliates, amoeba) ucwaningo biophysical, zofuzo nezinkinga cytological. amasiko Technique laboratory is kahle yakhelwe. Protistology - isayensi okhuluma ekutadisheni elula.

microanatomy

Kuyinto isakhiwo yeseli iyona elula, kuncike ngokuyinhloko indlela yokuphila kohlobo, kanye zayo ezincwadini bokuphila. Qaphela ukuthi kukhona njalo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu cores lizungezwe ulwelwesi double. Lesi siphetho ukuvumele ososayensi ukwenza Luhlatiyo ehlelekile amaqembu lenyama. Ngo-nucleus kukhona chromosome. Ukuba khona kwabo isibopho kuwo wonke zinhlobo futhi yasiza ekutholeni izici ngokuqhathanisa taxa lenyama. Photo ciliates lapha ngenzansi.

ngokuvamile Nucleus ciliates awela izinhlobo ezimbili: eyodwa noma ngaphezulu micronuclei amancane macronucleus esisodwa esikhulu. Amaseli aphuma ezinye elula multi-core. amaqembu Major taxonomic zinezikhathi khona vacuoles lenyama. Lesi sikhala uyashiywa lonke ulwelwesi cytoplasm. Ahluke izici kanye nosayizi. Vacuoles ayanikezelwa ekugayeni ukudla, futhi inqwaba nokulahlwa imikhiqizo okuqinile kanye nama-liquid lokugayeka kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziswa ukukhokhela ulwelwe, okuyinto abanikazi, okungukuthi eziphilayo elula photosynthesize organic. I vacuoles futhi cytoplasm ezinye izinhlobo aqukethe sombala granules. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo sabo labelwe plastids - izakhiwo ezikhethekile intracellular aqukethe zombala elihlobene ne ukuqaliswa kwe-photosynthesis. Inombolo yabo nomumo zincike zilwane, okungukuthi, eyakho nenqubo ngezigaba. Kwezinye elula ekstrusomy uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle ngokufanele, "sokudubula" organelle. Lokhu, isibonelo, mukotsisty secreting isikhwehlela futhi trichocysts, likhipha intambo mncane. Mhlawumbe bekhonza ukuvikela. Thina nje ukwenza njengoba flagella. Kuye ohlotsheni bangakwazi eyodwa kuya amaningi. Lokhu locomotor ngentambo-like organelles nge uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi microtubules longitudinal yangaphakathi. Ngokusho isimiso komsebenzi kanye oyiyo, bayehluka kakhulu kusukela flagella kwamagciwane. Ikakhulukazi, zingabantu nobuntu flagellates. Ake sithi amagama ambalwa ngazo ngokwehlukana.

Flagellate flagella isetshenziselwe ukudala imisinga yamanzi kanye / noma yokuhamba, ukuze uthole ukudla. Lokhu elula iqembu ehlelekile kuhlanganisa sebuningini ezidala like kanye namafomu khulula-eziphilayo nezilwane eziphila kwezilwane. Kukhona owumphumela polienergidnye monoenergidnye futhi ifomu, kanye amaningi futhi wamakoloni. Ukuze flagellates ngokuvamile ukuthambekela osmotrofnomu umsoco futhi amaseli encane ngosayizi. Nakuba zikhona phakathi kwabo fagotrofnye amafomu esikhulu kakhulu.

Cilia flagella zifane, kodwa zimfushane futhi njalo yakha lonke izakhiwo kuseli futhi uxhumanise umsebenzi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwephethini cilia phezu - Isiboniso ebalulekile ngezigaba osebenzayo emaqenjini taxonomic ka lenyama.

Nokho, Ungabaphathi ezinamagobolondo, abanye abameleli elula embozwe izikali aligugu amanengi noma organic noma amagobolondo Amagobolondo, ezahlukene ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba nzima skeleton intracellular, ngokuvamile kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngehele isakhiwo.

ukudla

Ngokuphathelene izitho zomzimba, abamele leli qembu taxonomic Kuphakathi autotrophs (okungukuthi, photosynthesize organic) noma heterotrophs (ukukuqonda kusukela imvelo) noma mixotrophy (sebenzisa ngenhla ezimbili ngamandla). Heterotrophs kungaba ncela up ebusweni amaseli solutes. Kulokhu bebizwa osmotrofami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakwazi ukugwinya ukudla okuqinile ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuchumisa, bese bebizwa fagotrofami. Ukudla fagotrofov ingase ihlanganise ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ikakhulu, amathuluzi asetshenziswayo ungadla nezinye lenyama. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze uwuthumbe bephishekela inyamazane.

Kwabiwa

Kusukela cell ku yangaphandle naphakathi exchange imikhiqizo okuqinile etholakala ngokusebenzisa Fusion vacuoles equkethe ngawo, uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle. ngezinye izikhathi Senzeka ingxenye ozinikele yalo (tsitoprokte, iseli poroshitse). vacuoles Contractile ukukhuthalele akhishwa amanzi ngokweqile kanye imfucuza umzimba ziyoncibilika kuwo.

umoya

Kwebalingisi amaqembu taxonomic lenyama kungenzeka kulekelelwa izici kwezimila. Kungaba noma umoya-mpilo-free (anaerobic) futhi lidinge-mpilo imvelo okungukuthi aerobic. Oxygen ngokuba anaerobes baphoqwe luyingozi, futhi ziyafa endaweni ocebile kuzo. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo ezindaweni zasemanzini, abampofu them they uphefumula amagciwane iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. Ngakho izinga lapho le nqubo kwenzeka kuba ngqo wakhona lokushisa futhi kuncike hlobo substrate metabolizable, isb molecule cleavable, kanye iqembu taxonomic.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Incazelo ehlelekile amaqembu umane ephelele ukukhiqizwa kabusha izici. Abakwazi nokuzala asexually. Kulokhu, iseli sehlukaniswe eziningi ezingaphansi. Nokho, bangase afeze le nqubo futhi ucansi, iqhaza amaseli ezimbili. Lezi zindlela ngezinye izikhathi alternated kuye ngasiphi nesigaba umjikelezo wokuphila. Amagciwane Engeke Esaba amaseli (ezibizwa ngokuthi gametes) uhlangane e ukuzala noma waphawula yesikhashana uxhumano (lokuhlanganisa) amaseli ezimbili ezivamile, okuholela uhlelo exchange of therebetween impahla sitholwa njengefa. Uma ukuhlanganisa gametes ngaphandle kucishe, sikhuluma isogamy. Uma omunye wabo ubukhulu olukhudlwana, uthi mayelana anisogamy.

Yiqiniso, thina kuphela ukuchaza kafushane amaqembu esihleliwe elula. Biology - isayensi, ukutadisha okuyinto ungathola izinto ezintsha. Amehlo ethu awaboni abakwazi ukuhlukanisa ezincane-eziphilayo, kodwa isayensi kusivumela ukuba ngibabone. Phambi kwethu avele imihlaba. Izibonelo lawa amaqembu ahlukahlukene esihleliwe lenyama. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo Ziyathakazelisa ngezindlela eziningi.