I izakhiwo olwandle. Yonke indawo lapho ulwandle, kuyafana?

Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi olwandle ukumboza iningi ebusweni iplanethi yethu. Zakha igobolondo okuqhubekayo aqueous, yimaphi ama-akhawunti engaphezu kwengu-70% we indiza kwendawo. Kodwa bambalwa kithi ukwazi ukuthi izakhiwo olwandle ahlukile. Sinenkosi nethonya elikhulu izimo zezulu kanye imisebenzi yezomnotho zabantu.

Impahla 1. Izinga lokushisa

Ocean amanzi kungaba buthelela ukushisa. Amanzi amboze (10 cm ukujula) ubambe nenani elikhulu ukushisa. Selehlile, ocean heats emkhathini ephansi, lapho izinga lokushisa isilinganiso emoyeni eliwumhlaba +15 ° C. Uma iplanethi yethu wayengeyena izilwandle, nezinga lokushisa ngokulambisa ufinyelela -21 ° C. It kuvela ukuthi ngenxa ikhono kwezilwandle ukugcina ukushisa sifika iplanethi ukhululekile futhi ethokomele.

izakhiwo Thermal ka olwandle ziyahlukahluka discontinuously. I evuthayo ebusweni ungqimba kancane kancane exutshwe namanzi ezijulile, okuholela amamitha angu ekujuleni okungamamitha amaningana kuyinto ebukhali lokushisa iconsi, bese kancane kancane uwela phansi. amanzi izilwandle Deep cishe okufanayo lokushisa izilinganiso ngezansi amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ngokuvamile zibonisa kusukela +2 kuya 0 ° C.

Njengoba amanzi ebusweni, izinga lokushisa kwawo kuxhomeke latitude. Ukuma eyindilinga planethi inquma engela kwesifo kwelanga phezu. Eduzane yenkabazwe, ilanga liletha ukutjhisa ezingaphezu kuka-pole. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo olwandle ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean encike ngqo kwi isilinganiso lokushisa izinkomba. Isendlalelo ebusweni inenani lokushisa, okuyinto engcono kakhulu kunaleyo +19 ° C. Lokhu ngeke kodwa kuyayithinta imvelo ezungeze futhi izitshalo kwamanzi ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Lokhu kulandelwa i-Indian Ocean, amanzi angaphezulu kabani isilinganiso sekuqala ukufudumala kuya 17,3 ° C. Khona-Atlantic lapho bangamaphesenti 16,6 ° C. Futhi ephansi izinga lokushisa - e-Arctic Ocean - cishe ukubeka +1 ° C.

Impahla 2. usawoti

Yiziphi ezinye izindawo cwaningo amanzi olwandle yesimanje ososayensi? Ngokungangabazeki, ayathanda ukubunjwa amanzi olwandle. Amanzi olwandle - cocktail inqwaba izakhi zamakhemikhali, kanye nendima ebalulekile ke nosawoti kunikezelwe. I usawoti lamanzi olwandle ulinganiswa izingxenye ngamunye million. «‰» uqoke isithonjana. Ppm kusho senkulungwane inombolo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ilitha wasolwandle yamanzi ine usawoti isilinganiso 35 ‰.

Lapho izwe ocean cwaningo, abacwaningi baye bangabaza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngalokho izakhiwo olwandle. Yonke indawo lapho ulwandle, kuyafana? Ujika, usawoti, njengoba nezinga lokushisa, non-iyunifomu. Inkomba kuthonywa nezici eziningana:

• inani kwezulu - imvula neqhwa kakhulu ukunciphisa usawoti jikelele olwandle;
• ukugeleza emifuleni ezinkulu nezincane - the usawoti olwandle ezungeze amazwekazi inala kwemifula ejulile, ngezansi;
• ice ukwakheka - inqubo ukuthi kwandisa amandla;
• ukuncibilika iqhwa - inqubo ukuthi kwehlisa usawoti emanzini;
• ukuhwamuka kwamanzi aphuma kolwandle - usawoti vaporize kanye namanzi kanye usawoti iyakhula.

It kuvela ukuthi umehluko nge-usawoti olwandle kungenxa inkululeko, izinga lokushisa kwe-kwamanzi kanye izimo zezulu. The esiphezulu usawoti isilinganiso emanzini ase-Atlantic Ocean. Nokho, iphuzu okunosawoti kakhulu - oLwandle Olubomvu kungokwalabo Indian. Izinga Ephansi libhekene ne-Arctic Ocean. Lezi izindawo olwandle e-Arctic Ocean kakhulu iningi labantu lalinomuzwa eduze confluence imifula elikhulu eSiberia. Lapha usawoti esingaphansi 10 ‰.

Eqinisweni abathandwayo. Inani sikasawoti ulwandle

Ososayensi baye akavumelananga izakhi kangakanani chemical ziyoncibilika emanzini olwandle. Kucatshangwa kusukela izakhi 44 kuya ku-75. Kodwa balinganisela ukuthi yonke leyo Imininingwane ziyoncibilika ulwandle nje amanani ezinto ezisemkhathini kasawoti, amathani 49 quadrillion. Uma zonke shabalala futhi ome usawoti, ke izovala ungqimba umhlaba ebusweni ingaphezu 150 m.

Impahla 3. Wugqinsi

Umqondo "ukuminyana" ibilokhu wafunda isikhathi eside. Lesi isilinganiso nenqwaba imfuyo, kulesi simo nenqwaba yamanzi izilwandle yesiminyaminya matasa kuwo. Ulwazi ubukhulu kwabantu kuyadingeka, isibonelo, silondoloze buoyancy lwemikhumbi.

Futhi izinga lokushisa kanye kwabantu - non-iyunifomu izakhiwo olwandle. Inani isilinganiso nowokugcina - 1,024 g / cm³. Kulolu hlu sasibalwa i-lokushisa nosawoti okuqukethwe isilinganiso. Nokho, ezingxenyeni ezehlukene izilwandle ukuminyana iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi amanzi ukujula nesilinganiso, izinga lokushisa ingxenyana ophelelwa amandla awo.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga izakhiwo olwandle i-Indian Ocean, okungukuthi ushintsho kwabantu. Inkomba enkulu lokhu Suez kanye Gulf. Kube kuziwa 1.03 g / cm³. Esikhathini amanzi afudumele futhi anosawoti enyakatho-ntshonalanga-Indian Ocean lehla 1,024 g / cm³. Futhi freshened engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga asolwandle nasemachibini eBay of Bengal, lapho imvula kakhulu uwela, izinga eliphansi kunawo wonke - mayelana 1,018 g / cm³.

Fresh amanzi ukuminyana ingaphansi, kungani uhlale amanzi emifuleni kanye neminye imigwamanda angenasawoti iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho.

Izakhiwo 4 no-5 ku-Transparency nombala

Uma uthayipha imbiza yamanzi olwandle, abonakale kube sobala. Nokho, nge okwandisa amanzi ungqimba ukushuba iba tint bluish noma ogqamile. Ushintsho umbala kungenxa ukumuncwa futhi kusakazeka ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala slurry ezithinta ulwandle amanzi yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile.

umbala bluish yamanzi okumsulwa - umphumela ukumuncwa ezibuthakathaka ingxenye obomvu bohlu ebonakalayo. Ngezinye lokuhlala abaphakeme esikhathini phytoplankton amanzi olwandle, kuba oluhlaza noma umbala oluhlaza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-phytoplankton zidla ingxenye obomvu bohlu futhi ibonisa oluhlaza.

Transparency ocean amanzi engaphansi ngokungaqondile ku inani particulate impahla kulo. Emkhakheni wezingalo obala kuyinto disk Secchi. A disc flat kabani ubukhulu ingeqi 40 cm, is emanzini. Ukujula lapho kuba ebonakalayo, samukelwa njengesikhombi obala kule ndawo.

6 futhi 7. izakhiwo Lokusakaza umsindo kagesi kanye

amaza omsindo ungasabalalisa amanzi phezu izinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Isilinganiso esiphelweni Isivinini - 1500 m / s. Lesi sibalo ngoba ulwandle amanzi ingaphezu kwe ngokuba fresh. Umsindo uhlale kancane kuphambuka umugqa oqondile.

Salt amanzi has a conductivity enkulu kagesi kuka angenasawoti. Umehluko - izikhathi 4,000. It kuncike inombolo ion iyunithi ivolumu amanzi ngamunye.