Uhlobo kanye class of mollusk. izici Jikelele molluscs. Kuyini salivary indlala e-molluscs?

Shellfish kukhona phakathi ezingenamgogodla eminingi yasendulo. Zihlukaniswa khona ngalo ingaphakathi lomzimba kanye lesibili nzima ahlelwe izitho zangaphakathi. Abaningi babo babe igobolondo calcareous, okuyinto ivikelwe kahle omzimba wabo uhlasela izitha eziningi.

Habitat Kuvalwa futhi bemhlaba nemanti. Ingabe zinendima ebalulekile eziwukudla, bedla izilwane eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo kusaqalwa yentuthuko izimuncagazi zezinhlanzi, zivame ukuba ichibi Sebawoti izikelemu eziningi yisinanakazana. Kule ndaba, ngingathanda ukukhumbuza abalandeli ezokuvakasha, okuyinto kunoma yiliphi icala hhayi ziphuze ngqo amanzi kusukela amadamu evulekile. Kuqukethwe ketshezi izibungu opisthorchis bayokujabulela uthole emgudwini wakho wokugaya ukudla, lapho eduze isibindi!

It is hhayi ngokuvamile ukhumbule lokhu, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ezifuze lezi yokuphila okuzingela. Ngokwenza kanjalo, asiza ekuthuthukiseni indlala salivary. By the way, lokho kuyinto indlala salivary e molluscs? Ngaphansi kwalo isambulela eside kusho ngempela spectrum ezibanzi izitho ezithile, okuyinto zitholakala pharynx kanye ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Ziklanyelwe ngokuba uketshezi izinto ezihlukahlukene, ogama izici zingase zishintshe kakhulu kusukela ukuqonda kwethu leli gama elithi "ezilulazayo namathe."

Njengoba umthetho, mollusk eyodwa noma amabili namabhuzu nezindlala, okuyinto kwezinye zinhlobo ukufinyelela usayizi umxhwele kakhulu. Ukuze izinhlobo eziningi imfihlo inyamazane, okuyinto bekhipha, iqukethe kusuka 2.18 kuya 4.25% grade reagent sulfuric acid. Kuyasiza kokubili ukuze aphebeze izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye zisizakala ngezinyamazane izihlobo zabo (sulfuric acid ancibilikisa kahle amagobolondo calcareous). Yilokho indlala salivary of mollusk.

Elinye inani yemvelo

Abaningi zezintaka slugs kanye umnenke, kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuba play shellfish indzima lebalulekile ukwelashwa amanzi emhlabeni wonke, kusukela nikeza is esetshenzisiwe oyihlungile ngakho organic. Emazweni amaningi, amakhulu bivalves yakhulela amapulazi zasolwandle, njengoba bangumkhiqizo ukudla okubalulekile, equkethe amaningi. Lezi abameleli izimbaza (izimbaza oyster) ngisho esetshenziswa umsoco wezokudla.

Ngo ezwe elaliyi-USSR ezisengozini kubhekwe kanye 19 abameleli lolu hlobo lasendulo. Naphezu ukuhlukahluka molluscs, kufanele luphathwe ngokunakekela, njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kube ekusebenzeni kahle izindawo eziningi zemvelo.

Ngokuvamile, i-shellfish ngokuvamile ezahlukene ukubaluleka ezingokoqobo ukuze abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, pearl mass yakhulela abaningi emazweni asogwini, njengoba lolu hlobo kuyinto umphakeli amapharele zemvelo. Ezinye clams Uyi Inani elihle imithi, amakhemikhali kanye nenqubo izimboni.

Ingabe ufuna ukwazi amaqiniso ethakazelisayo shellfish? Endulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, cephalopods ngezinye izikhathi ukucasha aba isisekelo inhlalakahle lamazwe wonke, ngenxa yabo ekhishwe eyigugu onsomi, okuyinto kwaba namabala nge isiphuku zasebukhosini ingubo izikhulu!

uhlobo shellfish

Sekukonke, anakho angaphezu kuka-130 000 zinhlobo (yebo, ukwehluka esimangazayo ka-molluscs). Clams ku lonke inani sadlulwa eyisinambuzane, kukhona yesibili ngobuningi eziphilayo eziphilayo kule planethi yethu okuwukuphela. Iningi lawo uhlala emanzini, futhi kuphela inani elincani zinhlobo oyikhethile njengoba indawo yabo ezweni ohlala kulo.

izici Jikelele

Cishe zonke izilwane ayingxenye lolu hlobo zinezikhathi izici eziningana ethize. Lapha zamukelwa namuhla isici jikelele shellfish:

• Okokuqala,-ungqimba ezintathu. Yabo emizimbeni uhlelo kwakhiwa kusukela yi-ectoderm, endoderm ne-mesoderm.
• Kufanane uhlobo zamazwe amabili okubangelwa ukuhamba abalulekile kakhulu imizimba yabo.
• umzimba Non-ihlukene, ezimweni eziningi, uma kuqhathaniswa evikelekile okuqinile limestone echibini.
• Kukhona isikhumba nesibaya (isiphuku), okuyinto umboza zonke zemizimba yabo.
• Ukuze ukunyakaza kahle-echaziwe imisipha yayifanekisela nomxhantela (umlenze).
• ingaphakathi Coelomic kakhulu kabi wazwakalisa.
• Kukhona cishe yonke okufanayo isitho uhlelo (ifomu lula, vele), kanye nezilwane ephakeme.

Ngakho, isici jikelele shellfish ibonisa ukuthi phambi kwethu - ngempela athuthukile, kodwa namanje izilwane lasekuqaleni. Akumangalisi ukuthi ososayensi abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi Clam ukhokho eyinhloko inqwaba yezinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Ngokucaca, sikunikeza itafula ngokuningiliziwe ngesineke izici amakilasi amabili ezivamile.

sebhithi enemininingwane

Ngo gastropods umzimba namanje ziyalingana, nakuba bivalve zinhlobo ningagcini. Ukuhlukaniswa umzimba zibe izingxenye walondoloza kuphela kohlobo bakudala kakhulu. Secondary umzimba ingaphakathi ethulwa esikhwameni ezizungezile imisipha yenhliziyo nemithambo kwezitho zobulili. Yonke isikhala phakathi izidumbu ligcwele ngokuphelele parenchyma.

Isiqu izinhlobo eziningi mollusk zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezilandelayo:

• Shona.
• Torso.
• Imisipha umlenze okuyothi ngalo ukunyakaza.

Zonke izinhlobo bivalve ikhanda kuyehla ngokuphelele. Ngaphansi ezinezinyawo kwakusho okukhulu ingalo kwemisipha ukuthi lithuthuka kusukela phansi udonga besisu. Eduze kwalapho kumila khona isikhumba umzimba yakha izembatho esikhulu ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko. Phakathi futhi umzimba kukhona umgodi kunalokho enkulu lapho izidumbu ezilandelayo zitholakala: gills, futhi iziphetho amasistimu ngokobulili futhi excretory. Lokho isiphuku bukhipha izinto okuyinto ihlangana ngamanzi ukwakha igobolondo eliqinile.

Igobolondo kungaba ngokuphelele okuqinile, futhi aqukethe valve ezimbili noma amapuleti ngaphezulu. Ukwakheka lokhu emgodleni ingena kakhulu carbon dioxide (Yiqiniso, isimo lesibopho - Caco ₃₎ ne-conchiolin, esikhethekile organic okuyinto kuhlelwe umqondo ngu umzimba we silwanyana. Nokho, izinhlobo eziningi mollusc igobolondo ngokuphelele noma ingxenye encishisiwe. Ngo slugs kusukela kwakukhona kuphela amancane ipuleti osayizi.

Izimpawu isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene

gastropods

Ekupheleni phambi ikhanda has a umlomo. Umzimba omkhulu linamandla, ulimi kwemisipha, okuyinto embozwe chitin rasp kakhulu (radula). Ngosizo le cochlea esusa ulwelwe noma ezinye enamathela organic kuwo wonke evele kufinyeleleke. Ngo zilwane ezidla inyama (zazo sixoxa ngezansi) limi kabusha lezi nezimo futhi kube lukhuni, okuyinto senzelwe kokuvula amagobolondo yezinye mollusk.

Thina Izigaxa (zazo futhi kuzoxoxwa ngokuhlukile), ezinye izingxenye radula ukunweba ngalé umlomo bese bakha uhlobo inhlendla. Ngosizo lwabo, laba bameleli shellfish ngokoqobo bejikijelana Isihlungu sabo ku isisulu. Ezinye gastropods ulimi okuzingela isibe "sokuprakthiza" okukhethekile, nje sokuprakthiza izimbobo igobolondo inyamazane yayo ukujova Isihlungu.

bivalve

Ngokuqondene nabo, konke kulula kakhulu. Bamane amanga kungahambi ezansi (noma hang uvalwe exhunywe substrate), profiltrovyvaya umzimba wonke amakhulu amalitha amanzi nge ziyoncibilika udaba eziphilayo. izinhlayiya ehlungiwe faka ngqo usuthi okukhulu kakhulu.

zokuphefumula

Iningi lezinhlobo uphefumula zokuphefumula. Kukhona "phambi" futhi izinhlobo "engemuva". Ekuqaleni gills zitholakala phambi umzimba kanye tip ezikhomba phambili. Ngakho, esimweni sesibili ichopho ebheka emuva. Ezinye nudibranchs elahlekile gills zabo ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi. Lezi clams ezinkulu ukuphefumula ngqo ngokusebenzisa isikhumba.

Ukuze wenze lokhu, zakha umzimba isikhumba uhlobo olukhethekile oluhambelana. Ngo zinhlobo eliwumhlaba nokwesibili mollusk zasemanzini (okhokho babo babuyela amanzi) of isiphuku ingxenye zihambisana, ukwakha uhlobo ukukhanya, izindonga zazo lwangena ngu imithambo yegazi ezinabantu. Ukuze uphefumule iminenke enjalo ophakanyiswe kwamanzi kanye moya waqoqa ngumuntu spiracles ekhethekile. Inhliziyo, elise Awukude umgudu wokuphefumula, elula "ukwakhiwa" siqukethe eyodwa ATRIUM futhi ventricle.

Lezinhlobo main bayingxenye uhlobo

Njengoba uhlobo ehlukene phakathi shellfish? Kuqala amakilasi molluscs (ingqikithi izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili), "uthweswe umqhele" ezintathu eziningi kakhulu:

• Gastropods (Gastropoda). Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo iminenke bonke osayizi, isici esiyinhloko okuyinto ngesivinini eliphansi ukunyakaza futhi evuthiwe unyawo kwemisipha.
• Bivalves (Bivalvia). Igobolondo valve ezimbili. Njengomthetho, wonke amalungu esigaba zezinto eziphilayo abawuvivinyi umzimba, ayisebenzi. Ingabe kokubili ukuhambisa nge imilenze kwemisipha ne ngokusebenzisa jet wagxila, Uyamkhipha u- amanzi Umfutho.
• Cephalopod (Cephalopoda). clams ezithathekayo, scallop noma kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele, noma kuba isakhasa.

Ubani omunye likhona uhlobo shellfish? molluscs amakilasi zahlukahlukene: ngaphezu bonke ngenhla, zikhona namanje inzavula igobolondo, Tubular futhi caudofoveata, solenogastres futhi monoplacophora. Bonke manje siphila futhi luchuma.

Hlobo luni mollusk ezimbiwa phansi aqukethe? molluscs amakilasi ukuthi kakade uzoqothulwa:

• Rostroconchia.
• Tentaculites.

By endleleni ekhuluma, le monoplacophora efanayo kuze 1952 babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, kodwa ngesikhathi umkhumbi "Galatea" nge bomkhankaso ucwaningo Egibela catch ezintsha eziningana ukuthi aye abelwa entsha zinhlobo Neopilina galatheae. Njengoba ubona, igama lolu hlobo shellfish wanikezwa egameni isitsha ucwaningo, okuyinto wabathola. Nokho, umkhuba yesayensi, akuyona into engavamile: izinhlobo kaningi esiqokiwe behlonipha owathola yabo wamazwe.

Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi yonke iminyaka eyalandela entsha umsebenzi ucwaningo uzokwazi ekucebiseni uhlobo shellfish: clams amakilasi, okuyinto manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo ukuba yokuqothulwa, ke ingagcinwa endaweni ethile ekujuleni fathomless kwezilwandle.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Njengabangaqondakali kungase kuzwakale, omunye izilwane ezidla ezinye eyingozi kakhulu futhi Amazing emhlabeni ezibhekwa ... ezibonakala iminenke ayinangozi. Ngokwesibonelo, Izigaxa umnenkhe (lat. Conidae), ushevu ayijwayelekile ukuze isetshenziswa womshini kunodokotela yesimanje kohlobo oluthile izidakamizwa ezingavamile. Phela, igama lomndeni shellfish buyafaneleka ngokugcwele. Isimo sabo futhi empeleni iningi like a Isigaxa ufushanisiwe.

Zingaba abazingeli ophikelelayo kuphela okwalapha ngokuhlaziya phansi inyamazane kwemfunda. Yiqiniso, njengoba yokugcina kukhona wamakoloni kakhulu, izinhlobo umzimba, nezinye iminenke umane ayaphela. Isisulu nge lingakanani lingadlula kayishumi umzingeli. Ufuna ukwazi amaqiniso athakazelisa ngempela shellfish? Yebo sicela!

On izindlela ukuzingela iminenke

Ngokuvamile mollusc ekhohlisayo isebenzisa umzimba wayo enamandla kakhulu, unyawo eqinile kwemisipha. Kungaba ezizofakwa ukukhiqizwa nge okulingana amandla isicelo ibutho 20 kg! umnenke ezidla ukuthi kwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, "catch" oyster ivula esingaphansi kwehora nge ibutho Kilos eziyishumi kuphela! Kafushane, ukuphila molluscs kuyingozi ukwedlula ngayo ukucabanga ngakho ...

Ezinye izinhlobo gastropods futhi akazange ukungatholi push ngobumnene prosverlivaya ukukhiqizwa echibini ngumuntu lezi ekhethekile. Yilokho nje inqubo ilula futhi esheshayo hhayi ukubiza nhlobo isifiso. Ngakho, lapho ukushuba we igobolondo kuphela 0.1 mm wazalela kungase kuthathe amahora angu-13! Yebo, le ndlela "ukuzingela" kuphela efanelekayo iminenke ...

Ukuhlakazwa!

Ukuncibilikisa igobolondo angaphandle kanye womnikazi wayo, izimbaza usebenzisa sulfuric acid (sewazi vele ukuthi indlala salivary e mollusk). Kusukela ekubhujisweni kuba lula futhi ngokushesha. Uma imbobo kwenziwa, umhlaseli uqala kancane udle away inyamazane yayo kusuka "iphakethe", abasebenzisa lezi zabo. Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu umzimba elingangena ngokuphepha njengesenzo Analogue kwezandla zethu, ngoba uhileleke ngokuqondile ku bamba bese ubamba inyamazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, crane zingaqhubekela ehoshiweyo ngendlela yokuthi idlula ubude komzimba umzingeli.

Yileyo indlela iminenke ungathola yimpango yabo ngisho kusukela imifantu ezijulile neziqhumane ezinkulu. Nakulokhu futhi, ukuthi kusukela lezi emzimbeni lohlaselwayo injected ushevu eqinile, ogxile okumsulwa amakhemikhali sulfuric acid (ukhululeka "elingenacala" we nezindlala salivary). Ngamafuphi, manje wazi kahle hle le ndlala salivary e molluscs futhi kungani beyidinga.