Ankara futhi Istanbul inhloko-dolobha Turkey? Inhloko-dolobha ye-Turkey manje

"Ankara futhi Istanbul inhloko-dolobha Turkey?" - uzibuze izivakashi abaningi bezinye izizwe. Futhi bayamangala lapho bezwa ukuthi idolobha elikhulu itholakala endaweni ethile enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe. Yini eyenza abantu bacabange ukuthi iyinhloko-dolobha ye-Istanbul? Mhlawumbe uchungechunge ukuthusa "Ezinhle Century", i nendumezulu okuyinto etha mayelana vicissitudes yomndeni WaseTurkey Sultan Suleiman Qanooni (fair). Yebo, umuzi iGolden Horn laliyinhloko-dolobha. Futhi by the way, hhayi kuphela e-sikhathi Sultans. Futhi Ankara? Noma ngabe "isakhiwo esisha" njengoba, yithi, Kazakh inhlokodolobha Astana? On the vicissitudes ka isiphetho kathi kwale mizi emibili, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

Istanbul isizinda

Ukuhlonishwa kuthebhu "itshe lokuqala" emzini kungokwalabo bamakoloni ngesiGreki. Ngo 658 BC. e. ukuthi bavelaphi Megara futhi wasungula settlement esiqhingini esincane, okuyinto amanga phakathi eSea of Marmara futhi iGolden Horn. Umuzi wawo bona ogama lakhe behlonipha umholi yoMbuso WaseByzantium. I evumayo isikhundla womhlaba, okwenza bakwazi ukulawula ukudlula imikhumbi eSea of Marmara kuya oLwandle Olumnyama futhi emuva, kwasiza kakhulu ekucebiseni abantu, ukuthuthukiswa obuciko ukuhweba. City of Byzantium - inhlokodolobha ikusasa Turkey Istanbul - uye ngokushesha ziye zaba ngomunye wemikhakha okuyidolobha ngesiGreki. Ngo '74 BC. e. -Asia Minor yanqoba eRoma. City, ogama indawo Sekuyisikhathi eside enwetshiwe ngalé esiqhingini yokuqala, laqhubeka lichuma. Kodwa ayehlasela namaqaba, elaba ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, Inyakazisé inhlalakahle izakhamuzi waseByzantium. Ngu lesithathu AD leminyaka, umuzi wawa zabhuntsha.

Antique Ankara

Uma umbuza muzi wasendulo - eByzantium noma Angira (okufana yigama wangaphambili we dolobha Turkey), kufanele siqaphele ukuthi kokubili nedolobha elikhulu lesimanje sekukhona cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, e-VII ekhulwini BC, kodwa Ankara inokuthile ube muhle Istanbul . Budebuduze ke yidolobha eliyingqayizivele Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Ngisho lanamuhla Ankara ekhulwini XI (eside ngaphambi kokufika bamakoloni ngesiGreki) kwakukhona inqaba, okwakuyigama omunye izixhumanisi iketango ukuzivikela ka umHeti impucuko. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama lesiGreki elisho "Angira" lihumusha ngokuthi "ihange." Kungani uphawu umkhumbi komuzi, kude kolwandle? Angira elele lapho kwakuphambana khona imigwaqo eminingi yokuxhuma-Asia Minor eYurophu nase-Afrika. Ngenxa isikhundla wajula umzana njalo izisulu ukuhlaselwa. It ephethwe namaPheresiya, BaseFrigiya, le AmaCeltic. A umfutho ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho akuniké ukunqoba wamaRoma. UMbusi u-Augustus eyakhelwe lapha eyithinta ehlobo. Ngo Angira, njengoba eByzantium lasendulo, zikhona izinzuzo impucuko, njengoba indle, amanzi, izibani emgwaqweni, ngoba ngokulandelayo service umlilo futhi amaphoyisa.

izikhathi kwamazinyo

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli olukhulunywa kuwo wonke uMbuso WaseRoma lingaphansi abathintekayo ngu ayehlasela namaqaba, ngaphandle Western. Ngakho-ke, ongowokuzalwa TRIER (yesimanje eJalimane) Konstantin Veliky e 324 banquma ukuthuthela inhloko-dolobha isimo sabo waseByzantium. Ukuza ezinye ukwehla komuzi kwakuhambelana nokuka namazinga dolobha, i-emperor uqale ukwakhiwa emikhulu. Wethula zentela izifiki abazoba - nabakhi abanamakhono. Eminyakeni eyisithupha, endaweni edolobheni liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi eziningana. Yiqiniso, lalilincane kunalokho Ankara yesimanje noma Istanbul. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Turkey ngaleso sikhathi kwaba edorobheni elincani. Kodwa eByzantium okuyinto uConstantine uqambe kabusha okusha eRoma yanda. UMbusi kakhulu wayefuna ukuba inhloko-dolobha igqitshwa okunethezeka yayo le Lomuzi Waphakade. Ngaphezu izinzuzo osomabhizinisi, wahlukanisela kusukela yengcebo isinkwa, amafutha omnqumo nophethiloli isidingo. Kusukela e-Athens, i-Efesu, eKorinte, iRoma ne okusha eRoma bamenywa Okugweda futhi abadwebi bamapulani futhi abefundisi.

izikhathi WaseByzantium

Igama ubanjwe on, futhi ngemva kokufa njengomhlatshelo zombusi umuzi wabizwa kabusha ngokuthi iConstantinople. Kwakuyisikhathi muzi wangempela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Lapha kwalethwa izinsalela abangcwele abavikela, Wakha amathempeli omangalisayo, izindlu zokugeza, imithombo, le Hippodrome. City, ibekwe ngaphansi ukusekelwa uMariya, wayenomuzi nezimbobo eziningana commercial nezempi. Ngemva kokuwa yokugcina yoMbuso WaseRoma, waseConstantinople yaba inhloko-dolobha isimo esisha - waseByzantium. Leli zwe esinamandla, okwakubekelwa eliholwa basileis udlulisela phambili kakhulu kunaleyo Turkey zamanje. Capital (Map WaseByzantium kubonisa) oko cishe maphakathi yezwe. Namanje eminye enwetshiwe ithonya ezingokomoya waseByzantium. Inkolo Slavic abantu beza kithi besuka lapho. Kanye zamagama - zamagama zesiCyrillic. Kodwa waseConstantinople (okubizwa ngokuthi lwamaSlav waseConstantinople) wahlaselwa ngokukhethekile nomkhankaso wempi. Kahle-ke ngiphuphe amakhosi West, kusho Crusaders, lwamaSlav, Huns, abasePheresiya, Avars, ama-Arabhu kanye Pechenegs.

Ankara ngezikhathi WaseByzantium

Okunethezeka kanye nobuhle mbuso omkhulu siqala ngokungaqondile, kodwa futhi kwathinta umakhelwane empumalanga waseConstantinople - a Angira nesizotha. Ngalesi idolobha lidlule indlela ebalulekile eMpumalanga, e-Asia. Ukuze ukulawula "Silk Road" alwa Arabhu eMpi Yenkolo. Nge buthakathaka WaseByzantium, Ankara - inhloko-dolobha Turkey esikhathini esizayo - lidlule phakathi kwelifa loonyana Seljuks. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva Malazgitskoy impi 1073. Uma umuzi kungaqali Seljuks yawela labhidlika. Kodwa lapha enkundleni zomlando uvele Ottoman. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu xv amabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Sultan Bayezid Ngalwa Battle of Ankara nebutho Timur sika. I dolobha namanye aseduze babeyalisiswa iphazamiseke. Nokho, amasosha Sultan kule mpi bahlulwa futhi yena ngokwakhe bathunjwa.

ekhulwini omangalisayo

iminyaka 561 edlule, ngo-May 29, 1453, waseConstantinople sathathwa yibutho Mehmed II Fatih (uMnqobi). UConstantine XI Palaeologus, le Basileus zokugcina, wabulawa empini. Yaphela kanjalo-ke umlando engu-1,100 ezingaphezu kuka yoMbuso WaseByzantium. WaseConstantinople iqanjwe kabusha Istanbul. "Ayinhloko Porte" (njengoba abantu besikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi uMbuso WaseTurkey abaseTurkey), walithatha leli amandla ezomnotho, sesiye omunye wabadlali abavelele kwezepolitiki zomhlaba. Ngaphambi Mehmed Fatih kwakungelona umbuzo - Ankara noma Istanbul. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Ottoman Turkish kwadingeka ukuba anqobe umcabango angaphandle okunethezeka amanxusa kanye libonwe ngaphambili. It is lapha yakhiwe amathempeli ezinkulu kanye, yebo, Sultan sika Topkapi Palace.

Ankara ngesikhathi uMbuso WaseTurkey

Inhlokodolobha samanje Turkey ngaphambi kokuwa kweConstantinople wathutha lokuqala kuya Seljuks, bese-Ottoman. Lo muzi ku ithafa Anatolia Sekuyisikhathi eside ejwayele impilo emngceleni eliqaphile. Nge IX VI ubudala (ngisho nalapho bazilevs WaseByzantium) lakhiwa indandatho ezimbili lenqaba ukuzivikela izindonga. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Turkey, Istanbul kuye kwahlotshaniswa Ankara sika Umzila wezohwebo. Ngakho-ke, lo muzi yesifundazwe namanje kwakungelona chweba. Lapho amathempeli Kwakhiwa - ezinye ngqo ngesisekelo obuKristu, okuyinto yena, lamiswao esizeni emathempelini amaqaba. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke wokwakha Islamic e Ankara kubhekwe Hadzhibayram Mosque, eyakhiwa ngekhulu xv ku emanxiweni Nethempeli lahlangana eSt Augustine, futhi amaRom. Lesi sakhiwo zenkolo namanje wenza imisebenzi yawo ngokupheleleko. Ngaphakathi kuba ethuneni Haji Bayram, Saint kanye umsunguli we oda lezindela, owashona ngo-1430.

Ankara - inhloko-dolobha Turkey

Emakhulwini eminyaka th 18-19, wase-Ottoman Empire, buthaka ngezimpi njalo, zabhuntsha. Ngisho shí eMpini Yezwe I, Turkey iye yanquma ukusekela Germany - futhi umphumela lihlukaniswe nalo munyu ukunqotshwa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1918, Istanbul kwakuhlezi ibutho isiFulentshi, UK bese kuba iGrisi. Kodwa ngokushesha ngemva umzabalazo ukuzimela, izwe uye waqaphela sovereignty of Turkey. Ngo-1923, umholi Mustafa Kemal Ataturk wamemezela kokugumbuqelwa kwamakhosi kanye lezemfundo. Wayefuna ukuziqhelelanisa ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela "sultan" Istanbul, ikakhulukazi njengoba kwakunoFakazi abangu abasekeli abaningi umbuso ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Atatürk babefuna ukuthuthela inhlokodolobha aphume "ulayini ezempi." Ankara likhethwe ngengozi. Lokhu edolobheni kwakuhunyushwa eduze Istanbul, futhi buxhunyaniswe kuye kujantshi. Kodwa inhloko-dolobha entsha Turkey (izithombe zalezo iminyaka kuba ubufakazi obuhle) kuyinto chweba ephelele. Kulo muzi kwakunamaJuda kungekho egijima amanzi, ukukhanyisa, amapayipi. Amanxusa sakubhuqa okukhulunywa ngokunembile ukuthi izimbongolokazi kuboshelwe Ministry a trellis iwindi wezwe Wezindaba Zangaphandle.

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Turkey manje

Ataturk okuningi izimali ukwakhiwa kanye nokuthuthukisa umuzi. Manje is a multi-abayizigidi ezingu-muzi. Ukukhangana main iyona Ankara Mausoleum komholi kazwelonke Ataturk. Eceleni izakhiwo entsha lapha adjoin imigwaqo ewumngcingo ephakathi amathempeli lasendulo. Kodwa asemazweni amaningi ezakhiweni zikahulumeni angasusa noma yikuphi ukungabaza kokuthi i ngumzi - Ankara noma Istanbul - inhloko-dolobha Turkey.