Umoya-mpilo umjikelezo ngokwemvelo

Ngokomthetho ngo-1774 ngu-isiZulu wemithi Dzhozefom Pristli mpilo (O2) uvulekele. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa eyenziwa esitsheni avaliwe mercury oxide, ngaphansi kwethonya kwelanga lens iqondiswe kwaba nokwanda kwalo: 2HgO → O2 ↑ + 2Hg. Lokhu kwaziswa gaseous elinesimo kwabantu ngesikhathi kwezimo ezivamile 0.00142897 g / cm³, umthamo izinyo lomhlathi of 14.0 cm³ / imvukuzane, iphuzu ukuncibilika lokususa 218,2 ° C futhi izinga lokushisa ukubila lokususa 182,81 ° C. mass izinyo lomhlathi ilingana 15,9994 g / Mol. Isici esiyinhloko umoya-mpilo - yikhono layo oxidize izinto ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba esebenzayo non-metal, O2 ihlangana zonke izinsimbi kanye kumiswa oxides eziyisisekelo futhi amphoteric, kanye zonke ze-non-izinsimbi (ngaphandle Halogen) ukuthola oxides acid noma nesoleobrazuyuschie.

Oxygen kufakwe ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane izinto, njengoba kuvamile kakhulu element emhlabeni zamakhemikhali. Iyilungu compounds yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene (kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka nanye namakhulu amahlanu). Okuqukethwe okuqinile uqweqwe O2 yomhlaba kulingana 47,4%. Ngo zasolwandle kanye amanzi aqabulayo bukhona ku lesibopho akhawunti isimo 88,8% ngesisindo. Esikhathini umoya-mpilo isebujameni khulula, it ilingana ivolumu encane mayelana 21%, kanye mass - 23.1%. Kuyinto abamelwe ebalulekile izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zikhona wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo. Ngomthamo, e ayigcine 25% no-65% isisindo. umoya-mpilo umjikelezo emvelweni ngenxa yomsebenzi walo zamakhemikhali.

Umjikelezo uchungechunge izinguquko lomcebo, ngenxa ngalo uphindela yekucala, PHINDE yonke indlela. Oxygen kuyinto biogeochemical umjikelezo ezinyakazayo. Ngokusebenzisa sidlula O2 biotic isamba konke kwemvelo (the uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, noma indawo lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni) kanye abiotic (lithosphere, umkhathi hydrosphere) imvelo. umoya-mpilo umjikelezo uchaza ukuhamba kwayo kule hydrosphere (mass amanzi etholakala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ngaphezu kwamanzi), emkhathini (emoyeni) ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; (isamba wembulunga yonke wazo zonke izimiso zezinto eziphilayo) kanye lithosphere (uqweqwe). Ukuphulwa kulo mjikelezo ku hydrosphere kungaholela hypoxic (ongaphakeme O2) ezindaweni amachibi amakhulu futhi ulwandle. The main ukushayela isici-photosynthesis.

izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo (isimiso semvelo) Ziningi imijikelezo biogeochemical, usebenza Ukwakheka kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, umjikelezo wamanzi, i umjikelezo we-oksijini, ukuzungeza nitrogen, carbon, njll Zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali kukhona indlela, oyingxenye imijikelezo biogeochemical. Ziyakwazi iyingxenye ebalulekile eziphilayo, kodwa futhi ukuhambisa ngokusebenzisa isimiso semvelo imvelo abiotic. Lona amanzi (hydrosphere), uqweqwe eMhlabeni (the lithosphere) futhi emoyeni (umoya). Izinto eziphilayo ugcwalise igobolondo Umhlaba ebizwa ngokuthi isimiso semvelo. Zonke izakhi ezifana carbon, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-phosphorus nesibabule, bajwayele futhi bayingxenye irherho le-closed, ngakho basuke kabusha kanye angilahlekelwe futhi agcwaliswa ngokuqhubekayo, ezifana kulesi simiso esingenabulungisa evulekile.

Kwesigubhu ngobukhulu O2 (99,5%) is amagxolo emhlabeni isiphuku, lapho kuqukethwe ku silicate futhi oxide namaminerali. umoya-mpilo ingress umjikelezo enikeziwe ingxenye encane nje kuphela ngesimo khulula O2 ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; (0.01%) kanye emkhathini (0.36%). Umthombo oyinhloko O2 asemkhathini photosynthesis khulula. Imikhiqizo kwayo kuyizindlela izinto eziphilayo futhi oxygen khulula kwakhiwa kusuka carbon dioxide futhi amanzi: 6CO2 + 6H2O + amandla → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Ukuze emjikelezweni womoya-mpilo kule uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli aphendule izitshalo umhlaba, phytoplankton nasolwandle. Tiny cyanobacteria zasolwandle (ulwelwe oluluhlaza) Prochlorococcus, ubukhulu 0.6 microns, zatholwa ngonyaka 1986. akhawunti Bona isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu imikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis olwandle oluvulekile. Omunye umthombo etholakalayo-mpilo asemkhathini iyona mkhuba photolysis (chemical yokusabela kubangelwa isenzo izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya). Ngenxa yalokho yamanzi emkhathini futhi i-nitrous oxide kuthiwa ubuhlobo ku-athomu omoya-ephambili, i-hydrogen (H) kanye nitrogen (N) isikhala ziyasuswa, futhi O2 e umkhathi: 2H2O + amandla → 4H + O2 futhi 2N2O + amandla → 4N + O2. umoya-mpilo Atmosphere is yokuqothulwa khulula eziphilayo eziphilayo ezitholakala izinqubo zokuphefumula futhi ibole. Lithosphere isebenzisa khulula O2 ngenxa yamakhemikhali weathering kanye ebusweni ukusabela. Ngokwesibonelo, it is kudliwe kumiswa yensimbi oxides (nokugqwala): 4FeO + O2 → 2Fe2O3 noma ezinye oxides of izinsimbi kanye nonmetals.

umoya-mpilo umjikelezo sihlanganisa iluphu phakathi lithosphere kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. eziphilayo Marine ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ukukhonza nemisuka calcium carbonate (CaCO3), okuyinto abacebile O2. Lapho kufa umzimba, igobolondo layo sithunyelwa ngoba engajulile ulwandle phansi lapho kukhona isikhathi eside ukwakha limestone (inzika uqweqwe). izinqubo Weathering okuqalwe linganisa futhi zingathatha oxygen sesihle lithosphere. Izimila Nezilwane walulama nezakhi inzika nokukhululwa umoya-mpilo.