Tungsten - Iyini? I degree of namachibi we tungsten. Izindawo kwesicelo of tungsten

Tungsten - elementi chemical inombolo kabani le-athomu ilingana 74. Lokhu heavy metal kusuka, lapho amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu steel-grey saba mhlophe, okwenza kube lula ezimweni eziningi esisemqoka. Ukuqeda iphuzu ke kunakunoma yimuphi omunye metal, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa njengoba sesigcilikisha e izibani intambo bafudumale izakhi amaziko kagesi (isib zirconium-tungsten ingxubevange). Chemistry isici evumela ukusebenzisa kwayo kulethe. ubulukhuni Extreme kwenza kube ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ku "HSS", okuvumela ukuba usike izinto ngejubane ephakeme kunaleyo carbon steel, futhi superalloys. Tungsten Carbide isici enkompolo carbon ingenye izinto sekukaningi eyaziwa futhi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa Milling namathuluzi turning. Tungstates calcium ne-magnesium kabanzi izibani Fluorescent, futhi tungsten oxides - ku uyinki futhi glazes sobumba.

Umlando yokutholakala

Ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ukhona lesi sici yaqale liphakamisa 1779 ngu-Peter Wolf, lapho uhlole amaminerali wolframite futhi waphetha ngokuthi kumele iqukathe kwenziwe into entsha. Ngo-1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele ukubuzisisa ukuthi entsha acid yayingatholakala kusukela tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele futhi Bergman liphakanyiswe ungacabangi ngokuthola metal amasha nge wokwehla acid, ngokuthi tungstenovoy. Ngo 1783, kwafika abazalwane ababili, Jose futhi Fausto Elguyar ezitholakala tungsten acid, owawungumnyaka nsé tungstenovoy. Ngawo lowo nyaka abazalwane zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ukuzihlalela tungsten kuwo, esebenzisa namalahle.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, lesi sici chemical iye yaba nendima enkulu. Ukumelana metal okushisa aphakeme, futhi kakhulu ubunzima tungsten Alloys wenza izinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa for the umkhakha wezempi. amaqembu alwayo acindezele Portugal njengoba umthombo oyinhloko wolframite eYurophu.

Ukuba nemvelo

I element kwenzeka endalweni wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), kanye Ferber Gyubnera. ezifakwa Okubalulekile yalezi amaminerali atholakala e-United States eCalifornia Colorado, Bolivia, China, South Korea, Russia nase-Portugal. China ophethe ama-75% ukukhiqizwa global of tungsten. Metal etholwe ngokunciphisa i-nitrous ne-hydrogen noma i-carbon.

izinqolobane Umhlaba kulinganiselwa ngaso engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7 kulindeleke ukuthi u-30% wabo -. Wolframite imali kanye 70% - scheelite. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwawo akuhlali kwezomnotho ezisizayo. Emazingeni ukusetshenziswa wamanje lezi reserves izothatha iminyaka 140 kuphela. Omunye umthombo owusizo tungsten kuyinto Scrap Metal.

Izici Key

Tungsten - isici, okuyinto ubhekwa njengesilwane esisengcupheni metal inguquko. uphawu wayo W lisuselwa elithi Latin wolframium. Esikhathini ishadi lesikhathi, kuba eqenjini VI phakathi tantalum futhi rhenium.

tungsten Pure - material okuqinile, ogama umbala kuhluka ngensimbi-grey ukuba ithini emhlophe. Nge touch of metal iba ziyaqothuka futhi kunzima ukusebenza naye, kodwa uma ungangiboni, kungenziwa wasika nge hacksaw. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokuzihlanganisa, ezisongwe futhi zikhishwa.

Tungsten - elementi zamakhemikhali, lokuncibilika zazo likhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwazo zonke metal (3422 ° C). Futhi it has aphansi umusi ingcindezi. amandla eqine at T> 1650 ° C liphinde ngobukhulu. I isici kakhulu ukumelana ukugqwala futhi kancane kuphela acid yezimbiwa singangena. Lapho ukuxhumana emoyeni phezu kwensimbi akha zokuzivikela oxide ungqimba, kodwa oxidized ngokuphelele tungsten ashisa kakhulu. Lapho wanezela okuncane kuya steel ubulukhuni bayo kwandisa ngokucijile.

isotopes

Emvelweni tungsten siqukethe radioisotopes emihlanu, kodwa abe eside enjalo isigamu-nokuphila, bakwazi kubhekwe esitebeleni. Bonke bawe phezu hafnium-72 nge ekushayweni-alpha izinhlayiya (helium nuclei elihambisana-4). Alpha kwamazinyo is ebonwe W ¹⁸⁰ kuphela, elula futhi iningi ezingavamile yalezi isotopes. Ngokwesilinganiso, 1 g of tungsten zemvelo ngonyaka zenzeka-alpha kwamazinyo ezimbili ¹⁸⁰ W.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, 27 lochazwe Tungsten yokufakelwa isotopes enemisebe. Esitebeleni kunazo wabo ¹⁸¹ W ngokuphila isigamu izinsuku 121,2 ka, ¹⁸⁵ W (izinsuku 75,1), ¹⁸⁸ W (izinsuku 69,4) futhi ¹⁷⁸ W (izinsuku 21,6). Zonke ezinye isotopes yokufakelwa kwesigamu-ukuphila akulona esingaphezu kosuku, futhi iningi labo - okungenani 8 amaminithi. Tungsten Ubuye ezine "metastable" isimo, esitebeleni kunazo - ^179m W (6,4 amaminithi).

uxhumano

I chemical compounds of tungsten namachibi inombolo izinguquko kusuka 2 kuya ku-6, okuyiqembu obujwayelekile eziyisithupha. I element ngokuvamile engena zihlangana nomoya-mpilo, ukwakha ophuzi trioxide (Wo _3), okuyinto oncibilikayo aqueous ane-alikhali izixazululo ngesimo ion, tungstate (Wo ₄ ^2-).

isicelo

Njengoba tungsten has a eliphezulu kakhulu ukuncibilika lokushisa kanye ductile (kungenziwa shi wire), it is kabanzi njengendlela ama intambo kanye cleaner amashubhu kanye Ukushisa tincenye amaziko kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zingamelana izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Omunye izicelo zayo ezaziwayo - arc Welding nge tungsten electrode ngaphansi igesi zokuzivikela.

tungsten kanzima kakhulu - ekahle ingxenye izikhali esindayo Alloys. I-high density isetshenziswa enesisindo inkinga, counterweights futhi isikebhe sizinze keels ngoba yezikebhe, kanye imicibisholo (80-97%). steel esinejubane, okungase usike impahla ngesivinini ephakeme kunaleyo carbon, iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 18% we ketshezi. Izindwani ophephela, izingxenye ukugqoka ukumelana ezinengilazi wasebenzisa "superalloys" aqukethe tungsten. Lokhu ukushisa ukumelana Uthwale Alloys ukuthi isebenze at okushisa ephakeme.

ukunwetshwa Thermal timphawu chemical efana borosilicate ingilazi, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa womshini ingilazi-to-metal uphawu. Inhlanganisela equkethe tungsten - engathatha kakhulu abaholayo amachashazi futhi badutshulwa. Ngo Alloys nickel, yensimbi noma ayibe esenziwe amagobolondo eshaywayo. Thanda inhlamvu hit ilitshe usebenzisa amandla ayo kinetic. Ezifundeni okudidiyelwe kwakwakhe tungsten ukwenza transistors. Ezinye izinhlobo imicu zomculo eyenziwe tungsten wire.

Ukusetshenziswa compounds

Nobulukhuni elihlukile tungsten Carbide (W ₂ C, WC) kwenza kube okokusebenza ezijwayeleke kakhulu yokugaya namathuluzi turning. It is lisetshenziswe yokusansimbi, izimayini, petroleum nokwakhiwa izimboni. Tungsten Carbide liyasetshenziswa ekudaleni imigexo njengoba kuyintando hypoallergenic futhi akusho mazizo ayebuthaka yabo.

Kusukela oxides zayo ukwenza Uqweqwe. Tungsten "ithusi" (okuthiwa ngenxa oxides umbala) asetshenziswa upende. tungstates calcium ne-magnesium esetshenziswa izibani Fluorescent. Tungstate crystal scintillation umtshina isetshenziswa imithi enuzi kanye physics. I nosawoti asetshenziswa umkhakha zamakhemikhali lesikhumba umkhakha. Tungsten disulfide kuyinto okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa okugcotshwayo zingamelana 500 ° C. , Ezinye zezakhi equkethe tungsten ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo yelikhono kwamakhemikhali.

izakhiwo

Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi Izakhiwo zanoma W kanje:

• Inombolo athomu 74.
• isisindo Atomic: 183,85.
• Ukuma: 3410 ° C.
• iphuzu Abilayo: 5660 ° C.
• Isisindo: 19.3 g / cm ³ at 20 ° C.
• isimo namachibi of +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• ukumiswa Electronic: [Xe] 4 d f ^{Meyi 14 Juni 4} s ^2.