Kuyini yeqhawe. izinhlobo Main yeqhawe

Ngaphambi ekubhekaneni uhlobo oludumile, kufanele uthole ukuthi yini ebangela leli gama. Ezifundweni tetemibhalo, izwi zingaqhubekela ngokuthi izenzakalo eziningana ezahlukene.

Kukhona isigaba njengoba uhlobo etemibhalo. Sekukonke, zikhona ezintathu, futhi ngamunye kuhlanganisa eziningi imikhiqizo uhlobo olufanayo yenhlangano yakhe yokukhuluma. Esinye imininingwane ebalulekile - uhlanga ngasinye sihlukile e umbono wazo on inhloko yemusho, mentiwa, noma isenzo yokukhuluma wobuciko.

Isici esiyinhloko

Umbutho ukhiye kunqunywa sokuhlukanisa izincwadi - izwi. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko into ukuboniswa noma eveza inkhulumomphendvulwano izinhlamvu, noma ebonisa isimo isikhulumi ngasinye.

Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu izincwadi. Le drama, izinkondlo, amaqhawe.

uhlobo izincwadi

Uma idrama okubonisa umuntu babantu abalwisana nabanye, futhi le isosha esihlatshelelwayo okuhloswe ngaso uwukubonakaliswa imizwa nemicabango nombhali, izinhlobo amaqhawe ukuzenzela isithombe inhloso yomuntu uxhumana emzungezile.

ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa izenzakalo, izinhlamvu, izimo, isimo senhlalo kanye zemvelo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi uhlobo oludumile ezincwadini ezihlukahlukene okukhulu kuka idrama noma izinkondlo. Ikhono ukusebenzisa ulimi ukujula ivumela umlobi unake okukhethekile incazelo kanye ukulandisa. Lokhu kungase kube nomthelela kule epithets, eyinkimbinkimbi design iziphakamiso, zonke izinhlobo tifanisongco, tisho, njll Lokhu kanye neminye - imininingwane engokomfanekiso.

izinhlobo ezinkulu yeqhawe

Kusukela ngenqwaba nendumezulu zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo: amaqhawe, inoveli nemisebenzi ziwela ngaphansi kokubili izincazelo ukuthi. Lesi siqu ejwayelekile waqhathanisa izinhlobo ezincane ezifana indaba, indaba, njll

Epic lingachazwa nge izincazelo ezimbili:

1. lelandzisako Olubanzi, focus zazo avelele izenzakalo zomlando.

2. Umlando omude futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, okubandakanya ezihlukahlukene imicimbi kanye nezinhlamvu.

Izibonelo uhlobo oludumile oku "Thulile Don" umsebenzi kwezincwadi Russian MA Sholokhov futhi "Impi Nokuthula" LN UTolstoy. Ngoba kokubili amabhuku izici icebo, esehlanganise iminyaka eminingi drama emlandweni wezwe. Esimweni sokuqala kuba Okokuqala Umhlaba futhi kulwiwa, abhubhise Cossacks, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba abalingiswa abasemqoka abazizwa ngayo. amaqhawe UTolstoy sika ngokuphila kwamadoda asebukhosini ngokumelene isizinda ngxabano uNapoleon, izimpi olunegazi, nokushiswa eMoscow. Bobabili abalobi banake ezihlukahlukene abalingiswa kanye isiphetho, hhayi ukwenza uhlamvu olulodwa a protagonist wonke umsebenzi.

Le noveli, njengoba umthetho, amaqhawe kancane kancane ku Ububanzi nezinhloso akuzona abantu abaningi kangaka iyahola. Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi kungahunyushwa njengendlela "prosaic ukulandisa eningiliziwe yokuphila protagonist, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ubuntu bakhe." Ngenxa ukutholakala waso nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa of uhlobo Yiqiniso, ithandwa kakhulu izincwadi.

Kunalokho umqondo awuzwakali kahle kule noveli emvumela ukuba uhlukanise ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu sihluke nomunye. Kukhona umbono we nesenzakalo lomkhuba endulo ( "Satyricon" ka Petronius, "Golden Eagle" Apuleius). ithiyori ezidumile we ukuvela kwezindaba inoveli engu-usadlondlobele Chivalry. Kungashiwo reworked Folk amaqhawe inganekwane noma ezincane ( "Romance of Renard").

Okuqhubekayo ukuthuthukiswa akhicite enkathini yesimanje. It yayina kakhulu ekhulwini XIX. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukudala zabuna ezifana Alexandre Dumas, uVictor uHugo, F. Dostoevsky. Imisebenzi yokugcina Ungase futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi inoveli zengqondo Dostoevsky ifinyelele Amazing eziphakeme encazelweni uthi kwengqondo, imizwa nemicabango izinhlamvu zakhe. Ukuze "ngokwengqondo" uchungechunge kungabuye wanezela Stendhal.

Okunye sub-izinhlobo: zefilosofi, omlando, ezemfundo, eqanjiwe, romance, adventure inoveli, Utopia, nokunye ..

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ngezigaba amanoveli ngezwe. Zonke lezi izinhlobo yeqhawe. Sengqondo, yokuphila kanye ukusetshenziswa kolimi wenza isiRashiya, izenzakalo amanoveli French futhi American ezahlukene kakhulu.

izakhi ezincane

Ngokwe Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu izizukulwane izincwadi, ukuba nendumezulu zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo - noveli futhi enkondlweni. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbili simelelani indlela okuphambene ukuba lokusungula phakathi abalobi.

Indaba kuthatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi inoveli amafomu ezincane. Lo msebenzi ungase uhlanganise esifushane, kukhona omunye umlingisi lomcoka. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekhulwini XIX ezweni lakithi okuthiwa novellas futhi tindzaba letimfisha, njengoba ulimi eside enjalo isiRashiya ayikaziwa. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoba kusho noma yimuphi umkhiqizo ukuthi zingaphansi ngokuya kule noveli. Ngo angaphandle kwemibhalo, isibonelo, i-English, igama elithi "inoveli" kuyinto yinye inkulumo ethi "emfushane inoveli» (inoveli iDemo). Ngamanye amazwi - indzaba lemfisha. Ukwahlukaniswa lesi simanga etemibhalo siyafana esetshenziswa phakathi amanoveli.

Uma indaba libhekisela temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, izinkondlo parallel ke kukhona inkondlo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ibhekwa njengendawo umkhiqizo ivolumu isilinganiso. ifomu vesi lihlanganisa ukulandisa isici lonke amaqhawe, kodwa futhi inezici ayo kalula. Lolu cwaningo uhlamvu, ukuziphakamisa, imizwa ejulile yohlamvu.

amaqhawe okunjalo, izibonelo zazo zingatholakala emasikweni amaningi ehlukene, sekukhona kudala. A uhlobo reference iphuzu kungenziwa ngokuthi ingoma lyric nobunjalo yeqhawe walondoloza, ezifana ngesimo emaculweni lasendulo isiGreki nom. Eqhubeka imisebenzi enjalo etemibhalo babé ejwayelekile zakuqala amasiko medieval zamaJalimane kanye zaseScandinavia. Lemisebenti ingaphindze aphumelele, begodu epics, okusho amaqhawe Russian. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo oludumile indaba baba umgogodla lonke uhlobo. Inkondlo nemikhiqizo yalo - main izinhlobo yeqhawe.

Ezincwadini yesimanje, inkondlo, inoveli wakhala sesimweni evelele.

Ukubhala ngezinhlamvu ezincane

Cabangela izinhlobo ezincane yeqhawe. Uma umlobi uchaza izenzakalo zangempela futhi isebenzisa izinto letinemaciniso, umkhiqizo elinjalo ubhekwa indzaba. Kuye ubunjalo impahla kungase kwezobuciko noma publicistic.

izinhlobo Epic futhi zihlanganisa portrait emfushane. Nge okwenzeka into enjalo kuye, umlobi wokuqala iveze imicabango nobuntu iqhawe. Izwe elisizungezile kudlala indima yesibili, futhi incazelo yalo kungaphansi inkinga eyisisekelo. Ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi portrait kanye nencazelo oluchaza esekelwe izigaba oyinhloko ukuphila into.

Uma portrait - wawu kwezobuciko, ngabe indzabambhalo eziyinkinga kuthathwa njengengxenye journalism. Lolu hlobo inkhulumomphendvulwano, ingxoxo umfundi ngesihloko lesitsite. umsebenzi Umbhali sika - ukuthi iyini ngempela inkinga futhi ukwethula imibono yabo mayelana isimo. amanothi ezinjalo eligcwele amaphephandaba kanye nakomagazini ngokuvamile iyiphi, ngenxa ukujula zabo kanye nosayizi nhlobo journalism kufanelekile.

Kufanele futhi usho travel imidwebo, esadaleka phambi kwabanye, ngisho kubonakala ezincwadini Russian classical. Isibonelo, lokhu indaba emfushane ka Pushkin futhi "Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow" A. Radishcheva bamlethela udumo ongafi. Ngosizo lokubhala travel umbhali uzama ukulungisa okuvelayo ngokwaphula kwakhe siqu lokho ebona endleleni. Lokhu yikho okwenza Radishchev, akesabi ukusho ngokuqondile ngokuphila abesabekayo serfs futhi abasebenzi owahlangabeza endleleni yakhe.

izinhlobo nendumezulu izincwadi futhi ethula indaba. Kuyinto ngendlela elula futhi kulula kakhulu ukufinyelela kuwo ngoba kokubili umbhali kanye umfundi. Imisebenzi izincwadi Russian uhlobo of indaba eyenziwe emhlabeni odumile AP LaseChekhov. Naphezu alula sobala, kuba namakhasi ambalwa nje ukudala izithombe abatelekile ukuthi abangu zibekwe isiko lethu ( "Umuntu in a Case", "Ukuqina nasebubini", njll).

Indaba kuyinto yinye igama elithi "inoveli" owavela ulimi Italy. Bese-ke, futhi enye ivuliwe isinyathelo sokugcina nephrozi by volume (ngokulandelana emva inoveli indaba). Abalobi owelapha ngokukhethekile lolu hlobo, okuthiwa isici cyclization, noma ukushicilelwa usebenza cindezela ikumodi njalo, namaqoqo.

Ukuze ufunde ngendaba libhekene isakhiwo esilula: sakhiwo, umvuthwandaba, sincumo. Ukuthuthukiswa uzungu lwento ngokuvamile buhlanjululwe esonta noma imicimbi (okubizwa ngokuthi upiyano grand otshanini) ezingalindelekile. A inqubo efanayo isibe mass ngisho izincwadi kwekhulu XIX. Izimpande indaba - inganekwane noma abantu yeqhawe. Ukuhlanganisa zamaqhawe wasenganekwaneni waba abawandulela zalesi simo. Ngokwesibonelo, "A Thousand no One Nights" eyaduma hhayi kuphela e-Arabhiya, kodwa sifuna nokubonakalisa namanye amasiko.

Ingabe eduze ekuqaleni Renaissance e-Italy elaba ngayo incwadi ethandwayo "I Decameron" ngepeni Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Kuyinto lezi tindzaba letimfisha yisendlalelo uhlobo indaba zakudala, okuyinto chithi saka ngemuva kwesikhathi Baroque.

ERussia, uhlobo indaba kwaduma ngesikhathi sentimentalism ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi NM Karamzin, futhi VA Zhukovsky.

Epic njengenhlangano uhlobo ezimele

Ngokungafani ubunjalo kwezincwadi triad kanye "idrama, izinkondlo, amaqhawe," kukhona eside iyincane, ukhuluma ngani nendumezulu njengoba indaba, esiqintini esithathelwe eside esidlule. Kulokhu, sifaka isethi yezithombe, ngalinye elikwazi kudala isithombe yayo emhlabeni, sihluke isiko ngalinye. Indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke udlalwa imisebenzi enjalo namaqhawe yeqhawe lesizwe.

Efanisa ukubukwa ezimbili ngalokhu mkhuba, asikwazi ujike amazwi sefilosofi namasiko uchwepheshe Russian edumile MM Bakhtin. Ukwehlukanisa oludumile kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule noveli, waletha amaphuzu amathathu:

1. Isihloko nendumezulu - kazwelonke, okuthiwa esidlule ngokuphelele, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo abukho ubufakazi eqondile. I epithet "ngokuphelele" sathathwa imisebenzi Schiller futhi Goethe.

2. Umthombo nendumezulu - it is kuphela isiko kazwelonke, hhayi umuzwa siqu, okuvela kulo abalobi ukudala izincwadi zabo. Ngakho, izinhlobo Folk epics lungaqukatha obukhulu wasenganekwaneni kanye ngokwaphezulu, okwenza abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi.

3. izwe amaqhawe akuhlangene ne samanje futhi ezikude kakhulu ezivela kuye.

Zonke lezi amaphuzu enza kube lula ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana umkhiqizo onjani noma iyiphi ingxenye uhlobo yeqhawe.

uhlobo izimpande kufanele itholwe e-Middle East. yamandulo wazithatha ephakathi kwemifula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe, has ezingeni eliphakeme isiko kuka nomakhelwane balo. Ukutshala ezweni, okuvela kuyo nemithombo, ukuvela ukuhweba - konke lokhu eba hhayi kuphela ulimi, ngaphandle okuyinto ayikwazi ukuba izincwadi, kodwa futhi wadala isizathu kuqale empini, esiqintini okuyinto ngesisekelo imisebenzi nobuqhawe.

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX abavubukuli baseBrithani baye bathola umuzi wasendulo yaseNineve elalingelamaFilisti isiko lase-Asiriya. Kukhona futhi ezibhebheni zobumba, oqukethe izindaba ambalwa ahlakazekile atholakele. Kamuva bakwazile ukuhlanganisa kwelinye umkhiqizo - "Epic of Gilgamesh". Wawuthi cuneiform futhi namuhla ayebheka isibonelo endala ukuhluza yayo. Ukuqomisana ikuvumela niwayise XVIII - XVII eminyaka BC

Ophakathi nendawo lelandzisako yezinganekwane demigod Gilgamesh futhi indaba nomkhankaso wakhe, kanye nobudlelwane nabanye nezidalwa zomoya izinganekwane Akkad.

Esinye isibonelo esibalulekile endulo, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi ngalokho izinhlobo amaqhawe - okusebenza zikaHomer. Amabili Enkondlweni yayo yobuciko - "The Iliad" kanye "Odyssey" - iyona izikhumbuzo isiko lasendulo ngesiGreki nezincwadi eminingi yasendulo. Izinhlamvu lezi imisebenzi - hhayi kuphela onkulunkulu Olympus, kodwa futhi amaqhawe ofayo, Legends okwakusho izizukulwane igcinwe Folk yeqhawe. "The Iliad" kanye "Odyssey" - prototypes ikusasa izinkondlo nobuqhawe Ephakathi. Ikakhulu kusukela kwamanye uzungu ngalinye ngofuzo yokwakha, ukuzitholela indaba ezingaqondakali. Iphindze mkhuba ifinyelela ukuthuthukiswa walo omkhulu nokusatshalaliswa.

amaqhawe medieval

Le nkulumo ibhekisela ngokuyinhloko amaqhawe, izibonelo zazo zingatholakala eYurophu phakathi impucuko Christian noma abangamaqaba.

Kukhona elihambisana ngezigaba kwezenzakalo. Ihafu yokuqala - umsebenzi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Yiqiniso, lokhu Saga, washiya kithi yizizwe zaseScandinavia. Kufika ekhulwini XI, amaViking ngomkhumbi izilwandle European, ukuphanga esizingelwayo, ubesebenza njengomshayeli Amasosha sisendlini futhi wadala isimo zabo ezweni lase-Afrika. Lesi sisekelo ethembisa, kanye nokholo yobuqaba futhi kwathuthukiswa kela onkulunkulu bavunyelwe avele izikhumbuzo ezinjalo izincwadi, njengoba "Völsunga Saga", "Saga Ragner lesikhumba ibhulukwe", njll Ngalinye-inkosi yashiya lelandzisako nobuqhawe. Iningi lazo ezisekhona kuze kube izikhathi zethu.

isiko zaseScandinavia bathonya omakhelwane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Anglo-Saxons. Inkondlo "Beowulf" yadalwa phakathi kwekhulu VIII X. imigqa 3182 zisitshele amaViking ekhazimulayo owaqala iba konung, bese linqoba silo Grendel, unina, nodrako.

Engxenyeni yesibili kungokwalabo kwenkathi athuthukile feudalism. Lokhu French "Ingoma Roland", German "INgoma Nibelungs", njll Okumangazayo ukuthi ucezu ngalunye kunikeza umbono we yalelozwe eziyingqayizivele abantu.

Yini izinhlobo afakiwe kule nkathi amaqhawe? Ngokwengxenye enkulu kuba senkondlo, kodwa kukhona imisebenzi olusankondlo, ngaphakathi okuyinto kukhona ingxenye ulimi olubhalwayo nephrozi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba ejwayelekile yezinganekwane Irish ( "I-Saga of the Battle of Mag Turied", "The Book of Ukunqoba kuka-Irish", "Imilando Yobukhosi Bamuva Four Masters", njll).

Umehluko ukhiye ophakathi kwala maqembu amabili iyona isikali izinkondlo medieval ukuboniswa izenzakalo. Uma amatshe ezikhumbuzo ngekhulu XII. wakhuluma wonke okuqinisekile ke eminyakeni athuthukile feudalism into lelandzisako iba nesenzakalo esithile (isib impi).

Kunemibono eminingana azalelwa "nobuqhawe" art ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu. Ngokusho komunye wabo, lokhu yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ingoma uhlobo cantilenas eyayivamile ngekhulu VII. Umsekeli lo mbono kwaba Gaston Paris - isazi esidumile French Ephakathi. Cantilena ngokuthi izindaba ezincane ngalokhu noma leso senzakalo esingokomlando, wagqoka isakhiwo zomculo ezilula (ikakhulukazi vocal).

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, la "imvuthu" ahlanganiswa into enkulu futhi generalized. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-legend of King Arthur, owawuvamile UK Celtic labantu. Ngakho, izinhlobo amaqhawe kazwelonke ekugcineni benziwe eyodwa. Endabeni Arthur uvele amanoveli "Breton umjikelezo." Ukungena zonke izinhlobo izifundo indaba Sidalwe zezindela. Njengoba izindaba semi wasenganekwaneni yaphenduka iqiniso bodokotela. Round Table Knights namanje zibangele okuningi mpikiswano ngendaba ngokoqobo futhi ubuqiniso.

Isizathu esiyinhloko for the kwempahla akhicite Christian Europe wangaleyo nkathi wacabangela kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, ukunwetshwa uhlelo senceku futhi ukuvela feudalism, eyayisekelwe isevisi lempi wazo zabo.

amaqhawe Russian

amaqhawe Russian ithole eside ayo ngolimi lwethu - "amaqhawe". Iningi lazo idluliselwa ngomlomo isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye, futhi labo Uhlu namuhla amelwe iminyuziyamu futhi idluliselwe izincwadi futhi abafundi, ubheke XVII - XVIII eminyaka.

Nokho, izinhlobo kazwelonke yeqhawe eRussia lezwakala e nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo esikhathini IX -. XIII eminyaka, okusho ngaphambi ayehlasela amaMongol. Futhi kule nkathi uboniswa imisebenzi yobuciko yalolu hlobo.

Izici uhlobo oludumile itholakala lokuthi ukuthi bayindlu synthesis emikhubeni yobuqaba namaKrestu. Ngokuvamile kunokubhanqanisa kuvimbela mlando ukunquma ngokuthe ngqó ubunjalo uhlamvu oluthile lomkhuba.

izinhlamvu Key imisebenzi enjalo - heroes - amaqhawe nendumezulu kazwelonke. Ikakhulukazi kuboniswe epics lomjikelezo Kiev ngokucacile. Esinye isithombe collective - Prince uVladimir. Ngokuvamile, sisikisela ukuthi leli gama efihla uMbhapathizi ka Rus. Lokhu, simenza ingxabano Kuvezwe yeqhawe lapho Russian. Abacwaningi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi epics zadalwa eningizimu Kievan Rus ', kanti Muscovy abangu ngokufingqiwe eminyaka ambalwa.

Yiqiniso, indawo ekhethekile kazwelonke onkulunkulu etemibhalo ithatha "Lay." Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo of isiko lwesiSlavic yasendulo yethula hhayi kuphela itulo main - umkhankaso akuphumelelanga ezikhulwini umhlaba Polovtsian, kodwa futhi kubonisa umfanekiso zezwe ezenzeka lapho ewuthola izakhamuzi Russia kuleyo minyaka. Eyokuqala izinganekwane nezingoma. Umsebenzi wobuciko ifingqa izici uhlobo yeqhawe. Kubaluleke kakhulu "izwi" kusukela umbono wesayensi yezilimi.

umsebenzi elahlekile

ingxoxo Hlukanisa ufanelwe ifa esidlule, ungazange ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. ngokuvamile Isizathu ukungabi okulula ikhophi bodokotela yencwadi. Njengoba ngokuvamile nganekwane lidlule ngomlomo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abalutholayo eziningi ukungalungi, futhi okubi kakhulu ngaso sonke ukhohlwe. Kuningi izinkondlo kwalahleka ngenxa imililo njalo, izimpi nezinye izinhlekelele.

Yisho izinsalela ezilahlekile esidlule kungatholakala ezincwadini zasendulo. Ngakho, iSonto LamaRoma eyiqaphuqaphu Cicero ngisho BC mina ekhulwini Wakhononda emibhalweni yakhe eziye irretrievably elahlekile ulwazi mayelana namaqhawe edume bomuzi amagquma eziyisikhombisa - kukaRomulus, Regula, Coriolanus.

Isikhathi esining impela elahlekile izinkondlo izilimi efile, njengoba kungekho abezindaba okungase adlulisa amasiko abo futhi alondoloze inkumbulo yesikhathi esidlule, abantu. Nazi nje uhlu encane la maqembu ezinhlanga: turduly, Gauls, Huns, Goths, amaLombard.

Ngo imithombo ngesiGreki kukhona izinkomba izincwadi, okwangempela zazo azizange zitholakale noma yagcinwa izinsalela. Lokhu "titanomachy", usitshelani-ke ngamaphathi impi wonkulunkulu kanye Titans phambi khona isintu. On-ke, ngesikhathi, okukhulunywe ngaye emibhalweni yakhe ka UPlutarch, owayehlala ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu.

Lost eziningi emithonjeni Minoan impucuko, abahlala eKrethe, wafike banyamalala emva sehlelwe inhlekelele engaqondakali. Ikakhulukazi, kuba indaba nokubusa kweNkosi Minos.

isiphetho

Yini izinhlobo nendumezulu? Okokuqala, kubalulekile ephakathi izincwadi zasendulo, okuncike ngesakhiwo nobuqhawe nezinkomba zenkolo.

Njengoba yeqhawe sisonke - lokhu ingenye amafomu ezintathu etemibhalo. Kuhlanganisa epics, amanoveli, tindzaba, tinkondlo, tetindzaba, tindzaba.