Maria Bochkareva. Ibutho zabesifazane sokufa. Tsarist Russia. indaba

Mayelana nalesi owesifazane emangalisayo sihambahamba ezinganekwaneni eziningi kangaka, kunzima ukusho ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi kuyiqiniso futhi yini eqanjiwe. Kodwa ukuthi ongumlimi elula eyaziwa, kodwa ekupheleni ukuphila ukufunda nokubhala, King George V ngesikhathi nezithameli zangasese ngokuthi "Joan Russian kucinga" kanye umongameli American Woodrow Wilson ehloniphekayo etholwe White House. Igama lakhe - Bochkarova uMariya Leontevna. Ukudalelwa uye walungisa wakhe udumo lokuba isikhulu zesifazane kuqala impi Russian.

Ebuntwaneni, intsha, futhi uthando kuphela

Battalion Heroine zabesifazane esizayo wazalelwa emkhayeni ompofu edolobhaneni sifundazwe St Nicholas Novgorod. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi ingane wesithathu abazali bakhe. Babehlala esandleni emlonyeni futhi ngandlela-thile ukulungisa isimo sayo eSiberia, lapho uhulumeni kuleyo minyaka baqalisa isimiso ukusiza abangenamakhaya. Kodwa okulindele kungahlangatshezwana nazo, futhi ukuthengisa ngokweqile away nge umthengi, Mary washada ekuseni indoda engathandwa, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ngisho udakiwe. Kusukela kuye waya igama lakhe - Bochkareva.

Maduze wentombi Babelana phakade okunenzondo kumyeni wakhe bese eqala ukuphila. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho ahlangana ngayo no-uthando lwakhe lokuqala nelokugcina ukuphila. Ngeshwa, amadoda Mary abanamanxeba abulalayo esibi: uma kuqala wayeyisidakwa, wesibili kwaba Thug real kakhulu ababa nesandla ku ukuphanga kanye lezigebengu "hunghutz" - abasuka wafinyelela naseChina naseManchuria. Kodwa njengoba besho, uthando bi ... Igama lakhe kwakungu Yankel (uJakobe) Beech. Lapho ekugcineni waboshwa futhi uyiswa enkantolo Yakutsk, Maria Bochkareva yamlandela efana kubafazi Decembrists.

Kodwa Yankel yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba kwaba angalungiseki ngisho isiphetho ezingelwa ukuthenga intshontshiwe izimpahla kanye nokubamba inkunzi kamuva. Ukugcina lover wakhe ejele ezithile, Maria waphoqeleka ukunikezela ukuhlukunyezwa umbusi wendawo, kodwa akakwazi ukuphila ushintsho ophoqelelwe - wazama ubuthi kuye. Kuphelile indaba yothando lwakhe sad: Beech, funda ngalokho okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini umhawu, wazama ukuyibulala umbusi. Yena ngaquliswa icala, wathumela esigadiwe endaweni esekusithekeni akude. Okuningi Maria ayikaze imbone.

On the front ngemvume siqu kaKesari

Izindaba kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala okubangelwa umphakathi Russian engakaze ibonwe ekuqubukeni komoya wokushisekela yokushisekela izwe. Ngaphambili wathumela nezinkulungwane zezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezikhonza. Isibonelo sabo kwalandelwa noMaria Bochkareva. Indaba sokungena yakhe ebuthweni kuyinto engavamile ngempela. Njengoba ziqondiswe ngoNovemba 1914 kuya inqolobane Ibutho kumlawuli, owayesesimweni saseTomsk, senqatshwa nge iseluleko kuyindida ukucela imvume kumuntu imithetho yombusi. Ngokuphambene nokulindela Ibutho kumlawuli, yakwenza bhala uhlu lwezikhalazo kuKesari. Ngiyacabanga bonke amangala ngayo lapho ngemva kwesikhathi esithile wafika asabele kahle futhi wasayinwa uNicholas II.

Ngemva emfushane izifundo zamakhono Februwari 1915, uMaria Bochkareva kuyinto phambili njengoba ongekho empini umsebenzi isosha - ukuthi isimo wezempi kuleyo minyaka. Sibambe ke nezhenskoe kunjalo, kungaba kuhle ngokulinganayo Labalisa baye ngesibindi kuhlasela insabule, uhoxile emlilweni, abalimele yabonisa ubuqhawe kweqiniso. Lapha it is ngokuthi Yasha, wametha uyakudunyiswa ezisenkumbulweni othandekayo wakhe - Yakove Buke. Empilweni yakhe Kwakukhona amadoda amabili - umyeni wakhe futhi lover wakhe. Kusukela kuqala izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali igama, kwesibili - isidlaliso.

Lapho ngoMashi 1916 umlawuli inkampani wabulawa, Mary, eyathatha isikhundla sakhe, ephakanyiswe fighters ku okuhlaselayo, okuyinto eyaba ebulalayo ngoba isitha. Ngokuba kwethu nesibindi Bochkareva waklonyeliswa George esiphambanweni izindondo ezintathu, futhi kungakabiphi kwaba akhiqizwa junior izikhulu ze-non-ethunywe. Ukuba ku front line, kwathiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwalimala, kodwa kwakusasele phakathi kwababusi, futhi kuphela isilonda esibi ethangeni kwaholela uMariya esibhedlela, lapho yalala izinyanga ezine.

Ukudalwa ngqa emlandweni we zabesifazane Battalion

Ukubuyela isikhundla Mary Bochkarev - George Knight fighter neyaziwayo - wabanjwa ibutho lakhe isimo yokubola. Phakathi sokungabi khona kwakhe kwakukhona February Revolution, futhi imihlangano engapheli babephakathi kwamaNethini amasosha alternated fraternization ne "amaJalimane." Ngokujulile ubuyophazamiseka yilo, uMariya ngifuna ithuba ukuthonya okwenzekayo. Ngokushesha ngemva Kulokhu yethulwa.

Ukuze ikhankasela phambili kufika uSihlalo weKomiti wesiKhashana uMbuso Duma Rodzianko. Waxhasa Bochkareva ngoNdasa ubekade Petrograd, lapho eqala iphupho lakhe osekukade - ukudalwa amayunithi lempi yokushisekela izwe abesifazane amavolontiya abakulungele ukuvikela njengezitha zezwe lokhokho. Kulo mzamo, kwathiwa asekelwe nguNgqongqoshe War of the Government Yesikhashana Alexander Kerensky kanye uMkhuzi Jikelele Brusilov.

Ukuphendula ucingo ka Marii Bochkarovoy baseRussia abangaphezu kuka anamabini amawaka bafisa izingalo ukuba zijoyine we elakhiwe. Kuyinto azinake yokuthi ingxenye enkulu kubo zazifunde abesifazane - abafundi kanye abaphothula Bestuzhev izifundo, nengxenye yesithathu kubo kwadingeka ngemfundo yasesikoleni esiphakeme. izinkomba ezinjalo ngaleso sikhathi ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa iyunithi yimuphi umuntu oyedwa kuphela. Phakathi "ukushaqeka troopers" - iba yimali yesinqumo esingashintshi kubo igama - babe abameleli kuzo zonke izizinda zokuphila - kusukela kubantukazana kuye aristocrats egqoke amagama loudest nabadumile ngesiRashiya.

Umkhuzi Ibutho labesifazane Maria Bochkareva elisungulwe phakathi abangaphansi yensimbi ngekubayala nangekubacondzisa kwakuwukuthi esiqinile. Ukwanda eseneminyaka emihlanu ekuseni, futhi usuku lonke kwaze kwaba ngehora leshumi kusihlwa wagcwala izifundo engapheli, kuphazamisekile kuphela ukuphumula iDemo. Abesifazane abaningi, ikakhulukazi kusukela emikhayeni ekhomba ngophakathi, nobunzima ukujwayela ukudla elula yesosha nesimiso kanzima. Kodwa kwakungeyona ngabo into enzima nakakhulu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi maduze igama le uMkhuzi yaqala ukuthola izikhalazo mayelana luhlaza futhi nangobudlova phezu ingxenye Bochkareva. Ngisho ukhombe amaqiniso zokubhodloza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMariya nhlobo ukuvela indawo Ibutho bagqugquzela zezombusazwe zalo, abameleli izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene party, futhi lokhu kungukuphula ngqo ye-oda eyasungulwa Februwari revolution. Ngenxa yalokho wokunganeliseki okwandile amabili namashumi amahlanu "ukushaqeka troopers" lasuka Bochkareva futhi wajoyina kwesinye isakhiwo.

Ithumela ngaphambili

Bese kufika usuku eside elindelwe lapho Juni 21, 1917 ku isikwele phambi Cathedral St Sika-Isaka Sokuba ngesikhathi confluence izinkulungwane umphakathi omusha Abezempi wathola ifulegi impi. On Kwakulotshwe kuyo ukuthi: "Ithimba lokuqala zesifazane Marii Bochkarovoy ukufa." Akubuzwa ukuthi abazalwane bajabula kakhulu wazibonela ukunqoba senkosikazi, emi flank kwesokudla umfaniswano omusha? Ngobusuku obandulela yakhe pha elisezingeni Iphoyisa, noMaria - isiphathiswa zesifazane kuqala impi Russian - kwakufanele Heroine kosuku.

Kodwa lena isici sonke amaholide - bayashintsha ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lokho indawo mkhosi e Cathedral St zika-Isaka grey hhayi romantic emseleni ukuphila. wasemuva intsha wobaba sibhekene ngokoqobo lapho babengazi ngaphambili. Babephakathi kwabantu okonakele futhi okungcolile okonakalisa ukuziphatha isosha uquqaba. Bochkareva uyayicela amasosha "Shantrapa engalawulwa" e Umlando wakhe. Ukuvikela abesifazane ebudloveni kungenzeka, kwadingeka ngisho ukuma eduze emabhalekisini isikhathi.

Nokho, ngemuva kokuhlinzwa lokuqala lezempi, wakhe ubuhanjelwe Ibutho Marii Bochkarovoy, "ukushaqeka amabutho", okubonisa isibindi njengabakufanelekelayo amaqhawe zangempela, baphoqwa ukuba zithokozise ngenhlonipho. Lokhu kwenzeke ezinsukwini zokuqala July 1917 ngaphansi Smorganyu. Ngemva kokuqala okunjalo nobuqhawe ngisho imbangi zesifazane iqhaza amayunithi ezingxabanweni, njengoba Jikelele A. I. Kornilov, waphoqeleka ukuba ashintshe umqondo wakhe.

Isibhedlela e Petrograd kanye nokuhlolwa Emayunithi lamasha

Ibutho zabesifazane alwa ngemibandela alinganayo ngayo yonke neminye iminyango kanye, njengoba babebekezelela ukulahlekelwa. Njengoba sengineminyaka enye yezimpi ezenzeka ngo-July 9, ukuxukuzeka esindayo, Maria Bochkareva wayiswa ukwelashwa Petrograd. Phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe phambili kuleli dolobha liye kabanzi athuthukile waqala ukunyakaza abesifazane walo yokushisekela izwe. kwamiswa Battalion okusha, zinabantu abavikeli yokuzithandela we lawobaba.

Lapho Bochkareva esibhedlela, i-oda abasanda kumiswa uMkhuzi L. Kornilov, yena wayalwa ukuba ahlole lezi amayunithi. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ledvumatako kakhulu. Akekho Ibutho kwakungelona iyunithi combat-ngomumo kwanele. Nokho, lesi simo inhlokomo wamavukelambuso ayebusa enhloko-dolobha, neze bavunyelwe sifinyelele ngesikhathi esifushane yalokho omuhle futhi kwadingeka ukuba nale.

Ngokushesha Maria Bochkareva wabuyela iyunithi yakhe. Kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi nentshiseko yayo yenhlangano kancane selehlile igwebu. Useke kaningi sisho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba wadumala e abesifazane bayaqhubeka yini kufanele ukuthi ziyise phambi - ". Uyintombazane kanye crybaby" Kungenzeka kucabangela izimfuno zawo lalilikhulu kakhulu, futhi lokho kwakungenxa amabutho ke - yisosha, kakusekho amakhono abesifazane abavamile. Cavalier Isiphambano St George, Maria Bochkareva ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ukhushuliwe elisezingeni uLieutenant.

Izici 'lwabesifazane Battalion Ukufa "

Njengoba kwezikhathi zezenzakalo ezichazwe ku indlela isiqephu odumile we ukuzivikela sokuhlala lokugcina Yesikhashana Uhulumeni (Winter Palace), kufanele ukwenaba siyini ngempela ngaleso sikhathi iyunithi yezempi, futhi lokho kudala Maria Bochkareva. "Zabesifazane Battalion Ukufa" - ngakho wanquma ukuyibiza - ngokuhambisana yomthetho, ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha kweyunithi ezimele yamasosha futhi bayalingana wesimo ibutho.

Inombolo ephelele amasosha besifazane wayenguFakazi eziyinkulungwane. Isiphathamandla ngokugcwele ligcwaliswe ezivela emadodeni, bonke Babegogodile izinduna asebephumelele le izimpi ka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Battalion esiteshini Levashovo lapho kudingeke khona ukuze nemibandela yokuqashwa zidaliwe. Ingxenye ndawo sebekubeke kungavunyelwe noma iyiphi inkulumo-ze futhi party emsebenzini.

I Ibutho bokungamele babe kokuhileleka zezombusazwe. Ukhetho lwakhe senziwa ukuvikela ezweni uyokulwa nezitha lesinye isizwe, futhi ukuba bangalibali nepolitiki yangaphakathi. Battalion umkhuzi kwaba, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Maria Bochkareva. Biography kuba nolimi kulolu hlobo ukulwa. Ekwindla zonke ambulensi ilinde bathunyelwa epini, kodwa akwenzekanga lutho.

Kutivikela Sasebusika

Kungazelelwe, sathola ukuze omunye Amayunithi Ibutho ukufika ngo-October 24 e Petrograd lokubamba iqhaza mbukiso. Empeleni, kwaba nje izaba ukuheha "abesifazane amasosha" ukuvikela Sasebusika kusukela ekuqaleni isenzo ahlomile amaBolshevik. Ngaleso sikhathi, ikampu esigodlweni lalinabashumayeli amayunithi iyona ka Cossacks futhi amasosha izikole ehlukahlukene yezempi futhi ungameli yimaphi amandla sina lempi.

Abesifazane efika wabekwa izikhala ezingenalutho ayengaphansi esigodlweni, wayala ukuzivikela iphiko eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe isakhiwo kusukela Palace Square. Ngosuku lokuqala bakwazi ibenze squad Olubomvu ukulawula Nicholas Ibhuloho. Kodwa ngosuku olulandelayo, 25 Okthoba, isakhiwo esigodlweni esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngokuphelele amabutho lezeMpi Revolutionary iKomidi, futhi ngokushesha lesi sigameko waqala. Kusukela leli phuzu abavikeli we Winter Palace, angafuni ukuba afele uhulumeni wesikhashana, Wamkhohlwa izikhundla zabo.

I ubusosha lokuqala uMichael wasishiya esikoleni, futhi zalandelwa Cossacks. Abesifazane baye labetibambile ende futhi ngehora lesi parlimentaire kusihlwa eziyishumi kuphela wathumela isitatimende umaluju futhi bacele ziyidedele kusukela esigodlweni. Banikwa ithuba lokuya, kodwa kwezikhali egcwele. Ngemva kwesikhashana iyunithi kwabesifazane amandla ngokugcwele yafakwa emabhalekisini we Pavlovsky ibutho of esiqiwini, bese ithunyelwa esikhundleni ukuthunyelwa zabo unomphela Levashovo.

Ekuthatheni izintambo ngo amaBolshevik futhi izenzakalo ezalandela

Ngemva Okthoba Icebo lika ahlomile kwanqunywa ukuqeda Ibutho zabesifazane. Nokho, ukubuyela emakhaya abo kwakuyingozi kakhulu edlubhe. Sebenzisa "iKomidi Ukuphepha Public" oyibamba e Petrograd abesifazane wakwazi ukuthola izingubo ezivamile ngale ndlela ukuze uthole emakhaya.

Kasibili siqiniseke ukuthi lapho izenzakalo okuxoxwe ngazo, Bochkarova uMariya Leontevna kwaba phambili futhi akukho ukuzibandakanya bayabakhathalela bengalamukeli. Lokhu kuyinto eyaziwayo. Nokho, ebambelela ngokuqinile inganekwane ukuthi wayala zizivikele we Winter Palace. Ngisho encwadini edumile Eisenstein movie ifilimu "Okthoba" kwelinye izinhlamvu kungaba kalula wathola indlela yakhe.

Isiphetho okwengeziwe lalona wesifazane uyahamba nzima kakhulu. Lapho kulwiwa waqala, Russian Zhanna Omnyama - Maria Bochkareva - ukuthi ngokoqobo sabanjwa crossfire. Simenyezelwa mayelana negunya lalo phakathi kwamasosha namakhono ukulwa, izinhlangothi ezimbili ezilwayo wazama uMariya ezinhlwini zabo. Ekuqaleni, kuleli Smolny abameleli elisesikhundleni esiphezulu kuhulumeni omusha (emazwini akhe, uLenin futhi Trotsky) ukukholisa owesifazane ukuthatha umyalo omunye amayunithi Red Guard.

Khona-ke Marushevsky jikelele owayala amabutho iWhite Guard enyakatho yezwe, wazama ukushoshozela wakhe ukubambisana nabafowethu futhi wayala Bochkareva kumiswa ukulwa amayunithi. Kodwa ezimweni zombili, wenqaba: kuba into eyodwa - ukulwa nabantu bakwamanye amazwe futhi ukuvikela lokhokho, kuhlukile - ukuphakamisa isandla ngokumelene compatriot. ukwenqaba kwakhe kwaba ngokuphelele categorical, ngoba uMariya cishe balahlekelwa inkululeko yakhe - wathukuthelisa jikelele ngaphambilini ukuba abophe wakhe, kodwa, ngenhlanhla, isiyindaba yokuzikhethela lokho okuvumelana umbimbi ngesiNgisi.

Mary uhambo phesheya

Ngaphezu kwalokho ke is phetho kuthatha zizoshintsha ngendlela engalindelekile - Ukulandela ngesicelo Jikelele Kornilov, Bochkareva ngenjongo umkhankaso uya Melika naseNgilandi. Kulolu hambo, wahamba, begqoke ngendlela abahlengikazi, nokuba ophethe amaphepha angumkokotelo. Hard ukukholelwa, kodwa lokhu ongumlimi owesifazane elula, okumenza wayekwazi ukufunda nokubhala, okufanelekelayo kakhulu uphethe ngokwabo esidlweni e-White House, lapho naye wamenywa ukuba Independence Day Melika, uMongameli Wilson. Angizange uhlupho futhi ababukeli, okuyinto wanika iNkosi yakhe George V Ngo Buckingham Dvorets uMariya efika edlubhe isikhulu kanye nazo zonke imiklomelo lempi. Kwakuwusuku nkosi English ngokuthi Joan wakhe Russian of Arc.

Kuzo zonke imibuzo eyabuzwa baMazwe Bochkarev, wakuthola kunzima ukuphendula eyodwa kuphela, ngokuba kungumvuzo abomvu noma amhlophe? Lo mbuzo akazange enze umqondo kuye. Ukuze Mary kanti bobabili base bekhulile abazalwane, futhi impi yombango okubangelwa usizi olujulile kuwo. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-Melika Bochkareva bizela omunye abathutha Russian izinkumbulo yabo, yena ukuhlelwa futhi ishicilelwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Yasha" - isidlaliso Bochkareva Frontline. Incwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-1919 futhi ngokushesha waba ethengwa kakhulu.

Umsebenzi wokugcina

Ngokushesha, Mary Waphindela eRussia, sihlaselwe yimpi yombango. nenkulumo-ze yabo umsebenzi yayifinyelela, kodwa ukuba bathathe izikhali Wenqaba ngokucacile, okwaholela ikhefu elala umyalo Ingelosi Eyinhloko phambi. Owabe ezikhulekelwayo nomdlandla sithathelwe indawo ukulahlwa abandayo. nakho ehlobene sezishiye ukucindezeleka okukhulu, ekhishwa uMaria wayezama ukuthola utshwala. Wayeka kakhulu, futhi umyalo Mmukise kusukela phambili kuya ngemva komuzi saseTomsk.

Lapha Bochkareva wayemiselwe okokugcina ukukhonza wobaba - emva lokukholisa High Admiral A. V Kolchaka nivumelene ukwakha squad sokuzithandela ambulensi. Ukukhuluma phambi izihlwele ngesikhathi esifushane, Maria uye wakwazi ukuheha amavolontiya engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili zezikhulu zayo. Kodwa lapho kuqala okusheshayo obomvu stop sokuxoxa ngalolu daba ekupheleni.

Life waba legend

Lapho saseTomsk lathunjwa amaBolshevik, Bochkareva ngokuzithandela uvele nehhovisi Usigaxamabhande futhi emaphoyiseni izibhamu zabo. Kusukela sipho yayo wokubambisana, iziphathimandla ezintsha wenqaba. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, waboshwa futhi ithunyelwe ku-Krasnoyarsk. Abaphenyi Special Isigaba ayedidekile ngokuthi ukuba ambonise yikuphi ukusolwa kwakunzima - Maria akazange iqhaza ekulweni Reds. Kodwa, besekuhluphekeni yakhe, wafika emzini eMoscow, iphini umphathi womnyango okhethekile Cheka IP Pavlunovsky - wesahlulelo ucacise abangenasihe. Ngaphandle kokukhuluma okushiwo ndaba, waze wanikela oda - kudutshulwe owawenziwa ngokushesha. Marii Bochkarovoy ukufa iphutha Meyi 16, 1919.

Kodwa ukuphila kwale owesifazane emangalisayo eyayingavamile ukuze emenza zinganekwane eziningi lokufa kwakhe siqu. Akwaziwa lapho ethuneni Marii Leontevny Bochkarovoy, futhi lokhu emenza amahemuhemu ukuthi ngasinda ngokulambisa ibulawa ngesihluku futhi yayihlala ngaphansi igama Kusolwa kuze kube sekupheleni forties. Kunenye indaba engavamile ekhiqizwa ngokudlula kwakhe.

Kusekelwe lo mbuzo: "Yini Mary Bochkarev shot?", Ngoba lapho emangalelwa oqondile ayengakwazi ukukhiqiza. Besabela kuleso simemo, omunye legend lithi Yasha nesibindi wayifaka saseTomsk American igolide futhi zenqaba ukuphi amaBolshevik. Kusekhona eziningi izindaba amazing. Kodwa nganekwane eyinhloko esikhathazeka ngayo, yebo, uMariya wayengenasici ngokwakhe Bochkareva, biography okuyinto wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona isiza noveli ejabulisa kakhulu.