Ancient Egypt senhlalo kanye nezici zayo

Ancient Egypt - impucuko aseMpumalanga. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu lapha akuyona ingxenye yezwe, futhi culturological nempucuko. Lapha, indzima lesembili ekukhuleni komphakathi kudlalwa akukho yangasese, kanye Tsar kanye nokuphathwa ethempelini. Ngakho, i-social isakhiwo somphakathi waseGibhithe lasendulo, ezweni, lapho kudabuka khona kwelinye lamazwe kuqala ukuthuthukisa wavuma kakhulu. Futhi lokhu Umehluko nobuntu kuphela kwalesi impucuko, kodwa futhi nezinye Eastern. Yayiyini izici zomphakathi eGibhithe lasendulo? Ake sihlole kulesi sihloko.

Ancient Egypt: izisekelo

Ngaphambi siqala ukukhuluma ngempilo yomphakathi, ngifuna ukwenza uhambo iDemo embusweni umlando. Ngakho, ngo-ukuthuthukiswa laseGibhithe usephendukele ngabhekana nezikhathi eziningana, imibuso: Early (.... Ukuqala III yeminyaka BC), Ancient (ukuze XXVIII ka XXIV ekhulwini BC ..), okulingene (kusukela ekupheleni III eyinkulungwane XVII. ekhulwini BC. e.), New (s XVI-XII XI-VIII ekhulwini BC. e.) futhi kamuva (kusuka VII ngu IV-mina ekhulwini BC. e.).

Zonke lezi nezikhathi zinezikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu slow isimo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando walo, impucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo sehlukaniswe (imibuso yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi) izingxenye ezimbili, khona-ke ihlangana zibe munye isimo esinamandla, futhi konke lokhu ngokusebenzisa ukuxabana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba nezimpi njalo ukunqotshwa. Against ngemuva zalezi zenzakalo yodwa qinisa amandla faro, nokungalingani ekilasini sekuholele ekutheni uhlelo senceku.

isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke - namaLubi Afrika-abansundu, Nubians and Semites - ongowokuzalwa Afrika. Bonke laba bantu baye bakhetha ukuhlala endaweni lesigodi engezansi Nile - lokhu kwaba umngcele ongokwemvelo zasemizaneni waqinisekisa nokuzihlukanisa kwezinye sokulondeka.

Rich evundile hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amaminerali endaweni zinikezwa ngokugcwele abantu. Eyokuqala zobudlelwano nomphakathi kuphakama ngesikhathi lapho kukhona isidingo sokuqondisa izikhukhula ukwakhiwa Nile wokunisela izindawo. Umphakathi sehlukaniswe labo abasebenza izobuswa, futhi labo lisebenze.

Ezemfundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa isimo

Ngakho, cishe ngo-V BC. e. State Ancient Egypt iqala khona. Siqukethe Polynomials eziningana (njengoba kuleli zwe ngokuthi komnikazi bakudala) futhi kuya IV. BC. e. akhiwa imibuso emibili - phezulu iphansi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabo lihlotshaniswa olunegazi internecine izimpi. Konke kwenzeka phakathi umbuso ekuqaleni. Ancient njengoba umbuso wawungowami kakhulu eyodwa ngesikhathi khona yezwe. Nakulokhu futhi, Egypt is ukubola zibe Noma, futhi ngayinye kuwo othi ukuzimela. Nalapha ukuqala impi phakathi lizisho yezwe.

Nekuhlanganisa live kwakunokwenzeka ngesikhathi Ephakathi YoMbuso kuphela. Yaba incwadi enkabeni yedolobha kweThebes. Ekugcineni - kanye wokugoqa, impi futhi inyunyana abakulowo mbuso eziqine, abathi bayobusa izwe lasendulo (okusha Kingdom). Lena isikhathi iqhawe nolaka. Ngemva - futhi nokwehla kuyiphi Ancient Egypt ongahambanga - wanqoba namaPheresiya bese u-Alexander Omkhulu. Iphela ukhona ahlukene: manje impucuko owawuke waba namandla - kuphela isifundazwe okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma.

isimiso sezombusazwe

Kanjani uhlelo isimo kwaba Ancient Egypt? isakhiwo Social njalo iqala kusukela kudivayisi inqubomgomo. Kufanele ithi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi yinye kanye nokwehlukaniswa division ubelokhu lizwe ngeenyingi ezimbili - iNyakatho neNingizimu. Wabusa khona ababusi uFaro. Yena ngokwakhe wabeka isihloko igunya lakhe lokuphatha, okuyinto kushiwo :. "Nkosi lamazwe amabili"

Isimo bekulokhu eyodwa ngokuqinile njalo, kuthiwa izinkathi isikhathi dissociation kwaba azinakwa. Ngesisekelo igunya ngaphandle kwemibandela uFaro, a ubushiqela elikhulu eyodwa. UFaro indima evelele kuhulumeni wabelwa emagcekeni ezigodlo, induna yakhona kwaba vizier. Kuyinto kuye futhi ukulalela umyalo kaFaro, izinhloko zeminyango, ngodondolo enkulu izikhulu ezinkulu nezincane.

Enhlabathini, wagijima nomarhi. Sinenkosi amandla olungenamkhawulo, kodwa kuphela kulokho ayekufundisa. Ngo nomarhov sigameko kuphinde subordinated lawela ubushiqela. Kulelizinga leliphansi kakhulu kulesi simiso babe Imikhandlu ohlanganyelwe ne mqaphi akukhetheki uyaphi. Kwakumelwe obhekene ekuqhutshweni zokwahlulela nezokuphatha, kanye nakwezomnotho.

Ukuthuthukiswa zobudlelwano nomphakathi

Cabanga, njengenhlangano isakhiwo savela nomphakathi waseGibhithe lasendulo kuwo wonke umlando. Ekuqaleni, isizwe amazinyane kwakuwumkhuba ehlakazekile lizisho, ngamunye owayephila ngemithetho yabo futhi kwadingeka umbusi wayo.

State ngesikhathi umbuso ekuqaleni kwaba uhlobo umbimbi zamaKhosi. Inani labantu base-izwe abantukazana khulula nangobunye emphakathini. Yena kanye namandla ukwaba umhlaba ukulima. Ingxenye isukela imikhiqizo kwezolimo ukuze lo mthetho ukukhokha kunesidingo.

Kwakuphakathi Old Kingdom kunephutha emphakathini, ukukucaza kube izigqila namakhosi. Isakhiwo umphakathi baseGibhithe lasendulo iba inhomogeneous: zonke ukucacisa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana nempahla. Phambili kaFaro abapristi. Kuyinto ezinesimo nedumela NTU Pharaoh ezihlobene Vesting unamandla angenamkhawulo zabo, lokuhlobanisa nonkulunkulu.

Inkathi Kingdom Ephakathi libhekene hhayi kuphela ukukhula emikhulu kohlelo isigqila (izigqila manje esetshenziswa futhi epulazini). isakhiwo Social waseGibhithe lasendulo le nkathi libhekene yokuthi umphakathi uya ngokuya uba wakubo. Ngakho, lapho nedzhesy, smallholders. Bona, kanye nababhali, abalimi kanye abathengisi abahlala ngobuningi, kodwa abalimi kanye nezinye izingqimba aphansi awafikanga imali yokuthenga ukudla.

Izimpi sokunqotshwa balo Mbuso Omusha ngokuyinhloko nomthelela ukwanda isigaba senceku. Zonke amazwe ngokuqondile eyabelwe isimo kanye namasonto. Ngakho-ke, kulendawo zinyamalala njengoba ekilasini. Futhi ukusebenza ezweni sabapristi ayivunyelwe akekho ukuze ulinike amalungu ihlongandlebe ekilasini yabo efanayo. Manje ubupristi - isigaba avaliwe, lapho ungathola kuphela isimiso ahlobene.

izici Jikelele umphakathi baseGibhithe lasendulo

Ngakho, ukwenza isiphetho kwangaphambilini ukuthi senhlalo kuyinto eGibhithe lasendulo. Komphakathi oyiyo has izici ezilandelayo:

• Ngesikhathi ngema endaweni inhloko lo faro, owayebizwa lihlonishwe unkulunkulu.
• Ifomu uhulumeni - a despotism, futhi libhekene ukwakhiwa kwenkonzo waseGibhithe yenkosi ku lenkolo.
• A indima ekhethekile wanikwa abapristi.
• Izisekelo zomphakathi - yasemakhaya imiphakathi ukuthi ancike emandleni emhlabathini.
• Kwavulwa ikilasi ocacile.
• Ngokuhlelwa komphakathi waseGibhithe lasendulo ukuze phezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme wehlise izingqimba simi ngale ndlela: uFaro - abapristi inkantolo izicukuthwane - amasosha - abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti - izigqila. Lesi sakamuva ayibalangwa empilweni yomphakathi ngokuphelele, ngoba bona babengahlanganisiwe kubhekwe njengabantu, futhi ngokuthi "abantu." Xoxa ngalokhu kamuva.
• Nenchubokuphatsa mningi, kodwa kancane ihlukaniswe esemsebenzini. Umuntu oyedwa kungaba ophathelene nokuphathwa kanye nokusebenza, kanye nezomnotho, ngisho enze eminye imicikilisho ethile engokwenkolo.

amandla kaFaro

Manje asikhulume eceleni mayelana iqembu ngalinye kwezenhlalo. Ancient Egypt, senhlalo kusekelwe despotism, wabusa faro. lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yakhe yamiswa njengenhlangano ilingane onkulunkulu. Ngakho, ubupristi lakhiwe lapho bekhulekelwa ekhethekile isiko kankulunkulu-yinkosi. Futhi amagama oFaro kubonise livela kuNkulunkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Amenhotep - "u-Amoni sokuthula 'uThutmose -" Thoth okuzelwe nguNkulunkulu. " AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi izitshalo, inhlalakahle, ukungabi bikho kwempi, kuncike unkulunkulu faro.

Lokho nkosi yayiyisazi umnikazi oyinhloko ezweni laseGibhithe, owayenganikela noma ukuhoxisa. Ezandleni zakhe, amandla zokwahlulela, wamisa Izikhulu ophakeme abangu bagxila.

Amandla uzalwe ngu ubuzibulo, ngoba kaFaro, kodwa inkosikazi yokuqala ngokuvamile ezihlobene kuye igazi (ngokuvamile iphutha ngisho nemishado nezihlobo nodade abahlanu) nezinye nezancinza. Kwakukhona zonke ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo. Kodwa kuthiwani Isikhathi Nezinkinga, lapho omunye lwamakhosi indawo komunye? Lapha, abapristi uthole "ukulungisiswa". Ngokusho izinkolelo abaseGibhithe, ubuhlobo emkhayeni saphezulu akwanele, kusadingeka unkulunkulu ayithole ibe inkosi. Futhi ushintsho we kwamaqembu yokubusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "emnyango kaNkulunkulu" babekwazi kwenziwe indlalifa hhayi kuphela, kanye nodadewabo, unkosikazi kanye nabanye.

abapristi

Izici senhlalo waseGibhithe lasendulo abanjalo ukuthi uFaro, ngawo wonke amandla ayo kabi amandla akhe, ngeke bakwazi elawula wedwa. Wancika kakhulu abapristi, kanye nezikhulu, izicukuthwane.

Eyokuqala - izishaya-mthetho wokuziphatha futhi ukuphila imigomo. Njengoba abapristi ingeyamakhosi umsebenzi yokuxhumana nomphakathi futhi onkulunkulu, uzilalele, ngisho oFaro. Thola umpristi san kwakungelula: kufanele kube okwesikhathi eside futhi kanzima ukuze bafunde. Nge iminyaka emine yolwazi zanqwabelana waqala zidlulele ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo.

Isikhungo inkonzo wonkulunkulu zona ithuthukiswe: namaNethini nokusebenza emsebenzini wokuziphilisa, abagcini izimfihlo nemibhalo yesandla, nina baboni bemibono - otolika zonke izinhlobo izimpawu, ngisho izazi zezinkanyezi.

Kafushane, abapristi waba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni emphakathini baseGibhithe lasendulo. Ulwazi lwabo mayelana amasiko intando onkulunkulu, imithi ngisho ezolimo kanye nemfuyo, isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, njengengcwele, ngicashela indoda ozihambela emigwaqeni. Kuze kube manje, somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo, ososayensi basaqhubeka befuna ukuthola ukuthi yini ayephethe abefundisi.

izicukuthwane

isakhiwo Social impucuko waseGibhithe lasendulo, ithiphu yayo akugcini ubupristi. UFaro wancika nabakhulu bayo enkantolo. Kwakuwusuku Izicukuthwane, labo empeleni elawulwa yonke imikhakha yempilo kazwelonke. Chief phakathi kwabo kwaba vizier, noma Jati. Le ndoda yayihlale ngakwesokunene kaFaro. Njengomthetho, wakhethwa kusukela lwamakhosi elibusayo. Kwakukhona izimo lapho vizier kwenzeke ilungu basebukhosini kuphela, njengoba ungahlobene nalo muntu kuFaro - kwenzeka izinkathi buthaka ubuqotho ezweni, okubizwa ngokuthi inguquko.

Ngakho, yini imisebenzi babelwa Jati? zonke Ancient Egypt empeleni ezandleni zakhe. isakhiwo Social lakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi zonke izicukuthwane, izinhloko amagatsha ehlukile, unesibopho sokubika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Vizier babenezinkinga:

• neminyango lwezezimali.
• wezemiSebenzi yoMphakathi (isib, ngenkasa).
• Wabusela ukuphila dolobha wengamela ke.
• Watshala ibutho.
• Wabhekisa amabombo namajaji.

Ezinye izindaba zika-Izicukuthwane ukulalela umyalo kaFaro Jati. Babengabantu ocebile wakhela ngokwabo amathuna futhi bahlala emakhaya okunethezeka.

izikhulu

Ngamunye ukunakwa nababhali. Bona ingeyamakhosi Izicukuthwane eliphakeme futhi ngajabulela kwenhlonipho emhlabeni. Isikhathi esiningi abantu abangakwazi ukufunda owakhiwe eGibhithe lasendulo. isakhiwo Social Ngakho angakwazi ukuhlonza nababhali ukwehlukanisa niche.

Lezi abasebenzi nje kuphela eqoshiwe uFaro imiyalo yakhe, kodwa futhi wayazi ukuthi ukubala ezingeni amanzi eMfuleni iNayile, ukuhlola nemiphumela uma kwenzeka izikhukhula, izinqolobane eyaziwa kule amadamu. Kwakumelwe ezibalulekile ekulimeni nezinkomo zizalela. Phela, umuntu abafundile kuphela uyakwazi ukuhlola ngemuva kwezikhukhula saseNayile, siyoba yini sokuvuna, bese ubala kwezilwane noma ukupheka iwayini. Ababhali ababenomthwalo wemfanelo lokuqoqa izintela.

Babuza usizo ukudala incwadi (kuhlanganise idatha yomuntu siqu), ukurekhoda umthandazo isiko.

Uyini ubushiqela njengoba komphakathi eGibhithe lasendulo? Kafushane singathi lokhu: ahlukana ngokuvumelana isikhundla. Nome ophethe umuntu othile, nakho okufakiwe kuze kube komunye obhekene ezindaweni ezithize emnothweni ngamunye.

ibutho

A mbimbi enamandla kaFaro, netikhulu nabapristi bakwazi ukuqinisa leli butho lempi kuphela. Ngakho kunebutho.

Beka iqhawe emphakathini baseGibhithe lasendulo wahlonitshwa kakhulu: ababenakho emizini yabo, nempahla, ezweni. Into kuphela ukuthi kungukuthi ilahlwe, - kuwukuphila kwami. Phela, yisinqumo likaFaro, elisekelwa abapristi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kungaba yilo impi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekulweni amabutho angena ekuzingeleni. Phela, abantu bathola indawo yabo ngenxa yezimpi ukunqotshwa.

Ibutho elasetshenziselwa ikhambi yangaphakathi internecine izingxabano.

Sesinamandla ngempucuko yasendulo baseGibhithe, ibutho olunezinombolo abantu abayizinkulungwane 100, kwaba eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni.

Abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti

I stratum ngobukhulu zenhlalo waseGibhithe lasendulo - abalimi. Zadla ekilasini kuchaziwe ngenhla, futhi abenzele khona ntofontofo. Ngokwabo njengoba abalimi ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa khona ntofontofo. Cha, kwenzeka okuphambene: izwe tilled wayengekho impahla yabo, ngokulandelana, iningi isivuno nemfuyo abalimi asekhuphuke. Abampofu, abalambile avame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yomphakathi.

Ichaza ngayo kanye ukuphila efanayo e ababazi baseGibhithe lasendulo. Workshop lapho benza umkhiqizo, they ncisheka cha fanele. Kuneminye-yizicukuthwane njengoba nezintela pick up cishe yonke imikhiqizo bese zidayiselwe ngemali emba eqolo usebenzisa abathengisi ajwayelekile kanye abahwebi.

izigqila

Kodwa ukuma unenviable kakhulu kwaba Yiqiniso, izinceku. Egypt - hhayi kuphela isimo lasendulo emhlabeni nge uhlelo senceku. Kwakuyisiko ngaleso sikhathi ngokuhlelwa komphakathi.

Izigqila njengenkulumo njengabantu, base "abantu", ukuthengisa, ukuthenga futhi umlutha njengoba indondo. Isiphetho zonke yisigqila izandla wenceku-umnikazi: wathi uyakumbulala, zigoga. Futhi ukwephulwa kwelungelo kwaba lokubulala enye inceku (lokhu okufanayo "umonakalo" impahla).

Imishado phakathi izigqila kwakusho ngokomthetho lutho: indoda nomfazi lalingabulawa kalula ukuhlukanisa, isibonelo lithengise kubanikazi ezahlukene.

Yiqiniso, kuba nokuvukela wezwe yezigqila. Ngakho, "ngiyabonga," omunye wabo buthaka ukucindezelwa yokuhlubuka kalula ukwazi ukuthola imihambuma Arab.

nezimbangela zezenhlalo yokwehla impucuko

Ngemva kokuhlaziya wonke amakilasi waseGibhithe lasendulo, ungenza siphetfo lesicacile: phakathi kwabo kwakungekho ubunye, kunalokho, kunalokho - ubutha unonya nenzondo. Futhi ukuphikiswa akugcini ulayini "izigqila, abalimi -. Ukwazi" Acebile, izicukuthwane ufuna amandla bese eqala umdlalo zezombusazwe kuFaro. Ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi okwenzekayo zomphakathi nge lwabacindezeli babo futhi licindezelwe. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukungapheleli ngokuhlelwa komphakathi waseGibhithe lasendulo wayeyisibonelo ukwehla impucuko.