Citadel ye-Aleppo, Syria: umlando inqaba

Aleppo ingenye yamadolobha amadala lwesintu. Abantu bazinza lapha ngoba izinkulungwane eziningana eminyakeni ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Sonke lesi sikhathi, lo muzi waphinde kubhekwa into ebaluleke kunazo zonke izizwe ezahlukene nababusi.

umuzi wasendulo

Imivubukulo uqinisekise ukuthi Aleppo sekukhona eside ngaphambi ukubukeka lokubhala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi usuku oluqondile isisekelo salo kunzima ukubala. Umuzi ine eminingi eyatholakala izingqimba kwamasiko, iziphi namanje akwaziwa. Lokhu kwavimbela kwakuliwa Aleppo, okuye kwenzekani iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yempi yombango Syria.

Ukukhuluma inqaba uvele imithombo umHeti ukuthi ubheke emuva enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, Aleppo laliyinhloko-dolobha imibuso eziningi zasendulo. Uba ngokuba idolobha elicebe kakhulu kwenkathi waseBhabhiloni lapho eMesophothamiya engumakhelwane elaba isikhungo mpilo esintu kanye nesayensi. Futhi edolobheni lasendulo amangalelwe ngohlelo le nabaseGibhithe kanye namaHeti.

endulo

Ngo 333 BC, umlawuli omkhulu Aleksandr Makedonsky ngilinqobile enqabeni Aleppo. Syria eyisitho kuye i esifundeni ezibalulekile. Kusuka lapha indlela wagijima empumalanga. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa la mazwe, u-Alexander wahamba wayokulwa yasePheresiya ayeseza emngceleni waseNdiya.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Aleppo kancane kancane yaqala, ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya isiko yamaGreki asendulo. Woza lapha, abantu abangabazi, ososayensi, wavula izikole yokucabanga. Ngemva amaGreki kwafika Roma, owabusa lapha eminyaka.

BaseByzantium namaSulumane

Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu, Syria isibe elaliyisikhungo esibalulekile ngoba ekusakazekeni kobuKristu, okuyinto ayikwazanga kodwa uzindle Ukwakheka confessional labantu Aleppo. Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso Wase-kudala neyaziwayo amandla WaseByzantium, okuyinto kwavusa ukwakhiwa kwamasonto zezindela.

Okuphawulekayo anda labantu kulo muzi. izindonga ezintsha ezakhiwa ayekubona enqabeni Aleppo. Syria eyisitho nezinye izifundazwe ezinonileyo WaseByzantium, futhi konke sibonga yokuthi ayehlale Kasilika eya. Aleppo khona Ukudlula iphuzu kubalulekile abahwebi ezivela eMpumalanga. Zasezikusa usilika nje kuphela kodwa futhi zobumba, kanye nezinye izinto ezingavamile ngayo abaMhlophe.

Ekhulwini VII, kuye kwadingeka indawo usongo Arab. AmaSulumane ngiwuthumbile umuzi Aleppo, Syria isidlulile ngokuphelele ngaphansi ukubusa kwazo. Eziningana eminyaka inqaba yaqhakaza sibonga ukusondela yaseDamaseku, okuyinto isikhathi esithile laliyinhloko-dolobha ye nabanye abaholi. Esikhathini X leminyaka ke okwasetshenzwa engu-14, i-baseByzantium, okuyinto kubange ukulimala okukhulu emzini.

I zenkolo

Ngo 1096, uPapa Urban II ukuvusela ababusi Western Europe ukusiza amaKristu Eastern belwisana amaSulumane. Ngalesi sikhathi Emperor WaseByzantium waqhubeka esifundazweni sakubo nolaka Seljuk nabaseTurkey.

Ikholi wezwa. Kusukela Yurophu zafika izinkulungwane Knights, amasosha, kanye abalimi abavamile kusesho adventure nenkazimulo. Injongo eyinhloko ye-Crusaders baba eJerusalema, owayeyilungu emzini ongcwele kuwo wonke amaKristu. Citadel ye-Aleppo (Syria laliseduze) sabonakala endleleni yabo. Naphezu lokuvimbezela, idolobha awazange ayithathe. Noma kunjalo, ngemva konyaka Crusaders ethumba iJerusalema. EMpumalanga Ephakathi ziye zaba khona eziningana uthi Christian ukuthi njalo esongelwa Muslim Syria. A umzamo wesibili wasithatha enqabeni Crusaders senzeka ngo 1124. Uye wazibonakalisa futhi ukuthi abantu bayehluleka ukuzibusa.

ukuzamazama komhlaba

Ngo 1138 zomuzi omdala Aleppo wacishe abhidlizwa ngesikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba esabekayo. idatha eqondile ngenani izisulu Yiqiniso, asihlali. Nokho, ngisho izilinganiso anolaka kakhulu (phezu 220.000 efile), ukusikinyeka kwephasi kwaba ingxenye yesihlanu isibalo izisulu emlandweni wesintu.

Amagalelo yezwakala hhayi kuphela e Syria kodwa nakuyo yonke insimu ka yesimanje Azerbaijan, Iran naseTurkey. Aleppo isendaweni iphutha Geological, ingxenye okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi yoLwandle Olufile. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu inqaba uye wahlupheka kakhulu. Depopulated idolobha ngosuku olulodwa. Ngokushesha abantu bendawo bavele wabuya, kodwa idolobha namanje namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva akazange ifike Ubukhulu yayo yangaphambili. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX inani abakhileyo Aleppo kwaba okufanayo njengoba kangangokuthi ngobusuku okuzamazama ephakathi. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zikhathi zanamuhla lapho kubaneka umqedazwe ikholera isifo.

Impi, ama-Arabhu kanye amaMongol

Ngo 1183 enqabeni Aleppo (Syria) uye wathuthela Saladin abadumile, ngubani ephethwe lokuxosha empi yenkolo eJerusalema ayokwakha kabusha umthetho Arab esifundeni.

Nokho, wahlala isikhathi esifushane. Ekhulwini XIII Mongol izindimbane wafika lapha. Amabutho ayengaphansi kokuqondisa umyalo Hulagu wathatha umuzi e 1260. Izindonga zenqaba zigoqiwe ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisithupha amabhomu esindayo izihlilingi. Citadel wathatha cishe inyanga.

Esikhathini esizayo, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa Arabhu impi no amaMongol, uzama inselelo umthetho eSiriya. Eyokuqala wahola Mamluk lwamakhosi. Ukufelwa ngokuba idolobha lalingahambisani nokuzithoba kwakhe ka Tamerlane e 1400. It sanqunywa cishe zonke izakhamuzi ezibulewe. Ngenxa uphawu ukusabisa eduze leli dolobha lakhiwa umbhoshongo izingebhezi.

ukubusa Turkish

Ekhulwini xv isimo e Aleppo ishintshile: abaseTurkey bakwazi umuzi. Kwakumelwe ababusi Syria, emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. I uMbuso WaseTurkey yahlakazeka emazwekazini amathathu. Ama-Arabhu yayikade ibuswa isizwe esinamandla.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uMbuso WaseTurkey uquleke kweBrithani e Syria eyayibekwe isikhashana. Ngemva lenzeka isimo Arab, esekhona namanje namuhla.

Civil yaseSiriya neMpi

Ngo-2011, kwaqubuka impi yombango eSiriya. Iningi Arab ukuthi awanelisekile neziphathimandla, lapho kwakukhona Alawites ambalwa eholwa Bashar al-Assad. Aleppo kwaba elinye lamadolobha ngobukhulu kuleli zwe, futhi ngenxa ke ababemzungezile kwagqashuka izimpi esacekela luzoqhubeka namhlanje. Ehlobo lango-2012 e izici bakhe baqala impi phakathi kwamabutho kahulumeni ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti lezi zihlubuki - omunye.

Battle of Aleppo baba undab 'uzekwayo ezweni lonke, lapho enobuthi igesi sarin lalisetshenziswa eduze kwedolobha. ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungavunyelwa mihlangano yezizwe. Kuyinto isikhali uyaca kuye sabulala nabantu abavamile nje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwi amabhomu njalo kusukela izinhlangothi ezahlukene Aleppo cishe akukho izakhiwo lonke. izindawo Ngezikhathi yokuhlala kwesokunxele ngokuphelele ngaphandle ugesi ngenxa iziteleka missile. labantu kulo muzi lehla esuka kubantu 2.5 million kuya ku-1 million. Ababaleki eziningi ziye Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe, okuyinto adale izinkinga e-Europe, lapho kwaqubula impikiswano emhlabeni Empeleni yini noma cha ukuvala imingcele.

Syria (Aleppo namuhla uhlala endaweni eshisayo) uyaqhubeka kuwela ngaphakathi komqondo yibhande emhlabeni ulwazi ejensi njengendawo iminyaka eminingi impi yombango eyachitha igazi eliningi. Yaqala kohlaka Arab Spring, lapho ngo-2011 e eziningi zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye Maghreb izakhamuzi Angenelisekile wabiza ukwesula ohulumeni bazo.