Kumiswa, Isayensi
Denver chromosome ngezigaba njengesisekelo karyotyping
Zonke izinto eziphilayo aqukethe nuclei kwamaseli isethi oluthile zofuzo. Ngo amaseli eukaryotic, it is emelelwa chromosome. Ukuze kube lula, Accounting ucwaningo lwesayensi nokumisa karyotype usebenzisa amasu ahlukene. Bajwayelane izindlela Ukulandelanisa nesidoda okunikelwe isibonelo chromosome womuntu.
Ukwahlukanisa Ama-chromosomes e womuntu
Karyotype - umphelelisi chromosomal (diploid), etholakala kunoma yiziphi amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Kuyinto isici umzimba okufanayo kuzo zonke amaseli ngaphandle ubulili.
Chromosome karyotype yilezi:
- autosomes, letehlukene abantu abesilisa nabesifazane ezahlukene;
- ubulili (chromosome-accessory) kuhluke isakhiwo kusukela izilwane nabesifazane ezahlukene.
amangqamuzana omuntu aqukethe DNA imicu 46, zazo 22 namabhuzu autosomes no one - zangasese. Lokhu 2N diploid isethi zofuzo. Izithandani abesifazane geterohromosom wabonisa XX, abesilisa - XY, isiqu we karyotype, ngokulandelana, 44 no-44 ubudala + XX + XY.
Amaseli lwegciwane (gametes) ikhona noma eyodwa isethi haploid DNA 1n. Oocytes aqukethe 22 autosomes nokukodwa X-chromosome isidoda amaseli - 22 autosomes futhi omunye geterohromosom, X noma Y.
Kungani ukuhlonza kanye ngezigaba wama-chromosomes
Denver naseParis ngezigaba simiso impahla ngofuzo, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu iningi lososayensi, yakhelwe ukuhlanganisa futhi kuvame inkolelo yokungafi karyotype. Indlela evamile kuyadingeka ukuze zethulwe ilungile futhi incazelo ngemiphumela yocwaningo emkhakheni wokusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo, Karyosystematics, zizalela.
Schematically zibonisa karyotype usebenzisa okwakuyimifanekiso - ukulandelana systematized futhi wahlela descendingly usayizi chromosome. Ideogram ibonisa hhayi kuphela izilinganiso DNA Helical, kodwa ezinye izici morphological, futhi ikakhulukazi isakhiwo yabo eyinhloko (hetero- nesifunda euchromatin).
Ngokuhlaziya lezi amagrafu ukusungula degree of ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene taxonomic eziphilayo.
I karyotype kungaba pair of autosomes, kucishe ngosayizi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba ulungise indawo kanye izinombolo. Cabanga ngalokho imingcele zihlanganisa Denver naseParis ngezigaba wama-chromosomes womuntu.
Imiphumela omhlangano e Denver, 1960
Ngalowo nyaka, emzini Denver, USA, baba nomhlangano ku-chromosome womuntu. It izindlela ezahlukene codify-chromosomes (usayizi, isikhundla centromere amasayithi ntshashintshe ka Helix futhi t. D.) Ingabe ezihlanganiswe uhlelo olulodwa.
Izinqumo ze-Conference kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi Denver ngezigaba wama-chromosomes womuntu. Lolu hlelo luqondiswe izimiso ka:
- Zonke autosomes womuntu zibaliwe ngokulandelana kusuka 1 kuya 22 kanye ukwehla ubude babo, chromatids ucansi babelwe abizwa X Y.
- Chromosome karyotype zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 7 ne centromere ilungiselelo, khona satellites and nokuminyaniseka lesibili chromatids.
- Ukuze lula ngezigaba esetshenziswa Inkomba centromeric, ebalwa sokuhlukanisa ubude bengalo esifushane ubude yonke we-chromosome lubonakaliswa njengoba amaphesenti.
Denver ngezigaba wama-chromosomes ngokuvamile eyaziwako wezesayensi ngamazwe.
amaqembu chromosome nezici zabo
Denver chromosome ngezigaba kuhlanganisa namaqembu eziyisikhombisa lapho autosomes ahlelwe ngokulandelana izinombolo, kodwa Ukuboshelwa kwasakazwa ubuningi. Lokhu kungenxa izici zona zabiwa ngemacembu. Funda kabanzi mayelana nalokhu ethebuleni.
Ama-chromosomes e-Group | ngazimbili Non wama-chromosomes | Izici isakhiwo wama-chromosomes eqenjini |
A | 1-3 | Ama-chromosomes e-Long kahle distinguishable nga nomunye. I-1 no-3 isikhundla constriction ngazimbili metacentric, pair of 2 - submetacentric. |
B | 4 no-5 | Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome zimfushane kuqhathaniswa neqembu elalibhekwa odlule, constriction eyinhloko ekulo submetacentric (eduze maphakathi). |
C | 6-12 X-chromosome | Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome letiyisayizi lesemkhatsini, zonke neravnoplechie submetacentric idivindualiziruemye nzima. Ezifanayo isayizi shape iqembu autosomes, ukufanisana eqeda kamuva kunabanye. |
D | 13-15 | Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome eqenjini yobukhulu medium ehambisana okuwukulandelana cishe abekelwe emaceleni we constriction oyinhloko (acrocentric) kufanele iziphuphutheki. |
E | 16-18 | chromosome iDemo e pair of 16 alinganayo-metacentric, 17 no-18 - submetacentric. |
F | 19 no-20 | metacentrics iDemo cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka komunye nomunye. |
G | 21 no-22 Y-chromosome | Ama-chromosomes e iDemo ne iziphuphutheki acrocentric. Have nomehluko omncane isakhiwo kanye nosayizi. Esidenyana kunamanye Ama-chromosomes e iqembu engalweni eside has a constriction yesibili. |
Njengoba ubona, the Denver ngezigaba wama-chromosomes esekelwe morphology ukuhlaziywa, ngaphandle manipulation DNA.
Paris ngezigaba wama-chromosomes womuntu
Ngesisekelo le ngezigaba, yethulwa ngo-1971, esekelwe izindlela staining umehluko chromatin. Ngenxa yalokho, imidwebo isimiso zonke chromatids babe iphethini ayo bands ukukhanya nobumnyama, kanjalo abonakala kalula ngaphakathi amaqembu.
Ekwelapheni udayi ahlukahlukene wama-chromosomes Kutholwe izingxenye ngabanye:
- Q-chromosome izingxenye fluoresce ngenxa wohlamvu lwesinaphi udayi-quinacrine.
- G-izingxenye ziboniswa ngemva Giemsa staining indlela (iyafana Q-izingxenye).
- R-staining izingxenye kwandulelwe elawulwa ukushisa denaturation.
izimpawu ezengeziwe baziswa ubonise indawo zezakhi zofuzo ku-chromosomes:
- Ingalo eside chromosome Kubonisani letincane incwadi q, okufutshane - p ezincane.
- Ngaphakathi ehlombe ukwaba-4 izindawo, okuyinto zibaliwe kusukela centromere kuze kube sekupheleni telomere.
- Sezinombolo kwemizila nazo ezindaweni e isiqondiso esivela centromere.
Uma isikhundla isakhi ku-chromosome is yayaziwa, layo Ukudidiyela iyona Inkomba strip. Lapho kwasendaweni isakhi sofuzo kancane ocacile, ke selisho elise kwengalo eside noma esifushane.
Amamephu olunembile wama-chromosomes, hybridization kanye cwaningo mutagenesis noma iyiphi indlela eyodwa lubaluleke. Denver chromosome ngezigaba kanye Paris kulokhu atehlukaniseki futhi umphelelisi komunye nomunye.
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