Eyokuqala kakhulu amandla enuzi kakhulu emhlabeni

Njalo mnandi ukuba okuthile kuqala. Futhi ezweni lethu, kanti namanje okuyingxenye zase-USSR, waba ngowokuqala ezintweni eziningi. Isibonelo okuphawuleka ukwakhiwa enuzi izitshalo amandla. Kusobala ukuthi abaningi babehileleke nomklamo walo futhi ukwakhiwa. Noma kunjalo, esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi wokuqala emhlabeni wawusegunjini endaweni, okuyinto manje eRussia.

Ingemuva okuvela enuzi izitshalo amandla

Yaqala lapho ukusetshenziswa amandla e-athomu ngezinjongo ezempi. Ngaphambi wokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni kwakwakhiwe, abaningi bangabaza ukuthi amandla enuzi kungenziwa iqondiswe inkambo elinokuthula.

ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu yadalwa. Wonke umuntu owazi nakho okubuhlungu yokusetshenziswa kwawo e-Japan. Khona-ke ngesikhathi indawo kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwe-ngebhomu le-athomu, adalwe ososayensi Soviet.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile eSoviet Union zaqala ukukhiqiza plutonium ukukhiqizwa ophendulayo. Zonke izimo ukuthola ngezinga elikhulu of uranium lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, ekwindla ka-1949, nengxoxo asebenzayo sendlela ahlele inkampani lapho amandla enuzi lisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi nokushisa.

ukuthuthukiswa theory kanye nama-ukudalwa iphrojekthi waphathiswa the Laboratory "B". Ngaleso sikhathi yayibizwa eliholwa DI Blokhintsev. Academic Council ngaphansi kobuholi IV Kurchatov ezihlongozwayo enuzi, okwakubekelwa abasebenza uranium lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba lisetshenziswe retarder beryllium. Ukubandisa kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa helium. Sicabanga ezinye izinketho sikhungo. Ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa neutrons fast and Lesisemkhatsini. Kanti liyakwazi ezinye izindlela lwaluyophola.

Entwasahlobo 1950 wakhipha isimemezelo we Council of Ministers. Kusho ukuthi which is dingeka ukwakha ezintathu ophendulayo zokuhlola:

• wokuqala - nokwe-uranium-graphite ngamanzi ukupholisa;
• yesibili - helium-graphite, okuyinto kwadingeka ukusebenzisa igesi Ukupholisa;
• wesithathu - nokwe-uranium-beryllium njengoba kuthe ukuphola igesi.

Ukudalwa iphrojekthi lobuchwepheshe labelwa esele konyaka. Ukusebenzisa kwalezi ziteshi ezintathu amandla esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi wokuqala emhlabeni kwaba nxazonke 5,000 kW.

Lapho egcotshwa ngubani bedalwa?

Yiqiniso, ukuze kwakhiwe lezi zakhiwo, kwakudingekile ukuba anqume on the indawo. Ngakho, kuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni eyakhelwe emzini Obninsk.

Ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi babegadwe Research Institute "Khimmash". Ngaleso sikhathi-ke babenezinkinga uN Dollezhal. Ngu imfundo he is a wemithi-Umakhi, okuyinto kwakusala kude wesayensi yenuzi. Nokho ulwazi lwakhe lwaba usizo ngesikhathi izikhungo ukwakhiwa.

imizamo Joint futhi kamuva umsebenzi wajoyina nezinye izikhungo eziningi, okokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni lakhiwa. UMdali wayengeyena yedwa. Ziningi, ngoba iphrojekthi emikhulu ezinjalo abanakukwazi ukudala wedwa. Kodwa unjiniyela oyinhloko okuthiwa Kurchatov, futhi umakhi - Dollezhal.

Inqubekela phambili ukwakhiwa kanye nokuqeqeshwa qala-up

Parallel nendlela ukudala lokuqala isitshalo zezitsha amandla enuzi emhlabeni zakhiwa endaweni yokucwaninga. Yibona prototypes izitshalo amandla, okuyinto kamuva asetshenziswa ngwenya yenuzi.

Ehlobo lika-50, ngonyaka waqala umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo. They lasted unyaka owodwa. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi wonke umsebenzi kwenzakala ngowokuqala kakhulu amandla enuzi kakhulu emhlabeni. okusalungiswa yayo sokuqala komnikelo kwakucishe zinjalo.

ukulungisa lawo magatsha:

• nokwe-uranium-beryllium ophendulayo Yakhiwa kokupholisayo nomthofu-bismuth;
• Helium-graphite ophendulayo salandelwa amanzi Umfutho, okuyinto wakha sisekelo zonke okwalandela amandla enuzi futhi iye yasetshenziswa ku icebreakers nemikhumbi-ngwenya.

Ngo-June 1951, kwaba khona isinqumo sendlela ukwakha isitshalo umshayeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze ophendulayo nokwe-uranium-graphite zonke izinto ezidingekayo ekhululwa. Futhi ngo-July, yaqala ukwakhiwa izitshalo amandla enuzi amanzi selehlile.

Okokuqala uqale ukuhlinzeka nemizana ugesi

Qala ukulayisha core ophendulayo owawuse ngoMeyi 1954. Okungukuthi 9 amadijithi. I busuku, ukusabela chain waqala kuye. Fission ka-uranium zenzeka ukuze inakekelwa ngokuzimela. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-okuthiwa ngokomzimba ukuqala esiteshini.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esingaba yinyanga nengxenye amandla enuzi uqale ke senziwe Juni 1954. Kwakuwusuku phuzu Is lowo ashila yebhangqa nezelani generator ophephela. wokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni wathola 26 Juni lapho kugamanxa ihora lesi ezinhlanu kusihlwa. It eziqhutshwa iminyaka engu-48. indima yalo iwukuba ukunikeza negalelo ukuvela ezifana izitshalo amandla emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngakusasa, i kagesi wanikwa emzini esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi wokuqala emhlabeni (1954) - Obninsk eduze eMoscow.

Zifaka Umfutho ukuvela ezinye izitshalo amandla enuzi emhlabeni wonke

Yena kwakufanele amandla obuncani, 5 MW kuphela. Omunye ophendulayo icala ngokwanele ukuze isebenze at amandla esigcwele ku ukuqhubeka izinyanga 3.

Futhi naphezu kwalokhu, amandla Obninsk yabakhanga abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke. Edolobheni i-amathimba lokuqala eziningi wavakashela izitshalo amandla enuzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Umgomo wayo kwakuwukuba namabhomu azibonele isimangaliso adalwe abantu baseSoviet. Ukuze uthole ugesi, asikho isidingo ukusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo ngokungadingekile. Ngaphandle amalahle, uwoyela noma igesi ophephela generator ukuhamba actuator. Futhi amandla enuzi inikeza ugesi emzini elinabantu abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-40. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke washisa kuphela uphethiloli zenuzi. Inani elilingana 2 amathani ngonyaka.

Lokhu kwaba Umfutho ukwakhiwa iziteshi ezifana cishe emhlabeni wonke. Anamandla wawumkhulu. Futhi okwamanje Ekuqaleni wayekhona lapha - endaweni Obninsk ezincane, lapho i-athomu kwaba plodder, bephonsa iyunifomu.

Lapho NPP iqede?

Eyokuqala isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi eRussia sanqamuka ngo-2002 ku-29 Apreli. Ukuze lokhu ngemuva kwezomnotho. umthamo wayo kwakungelona enkulu ngokwanele.

Phakathi idatha yayo umsebenzi, eyaqinisekisa zonke izibalo theory eyatholakala. Thina wagcwalisa zonke izixazululo wobuterhiniki.

Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula eminyakeni 10 (1964) ukuqala Beloyarsk NPP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo wayo kwaba izikhathi ezingu-50 obukhulu kunobukaJohane Obninsk.

Kukuphi lapho esetshenziswa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi?

In parallel ukusungulwa amandla enuzi iqembu eliholwa Kurchatov yakhelwe a ophendulayo wenuzi owawungase ukufakwa ophihliza iqhwa. Lo msebenzi Wawubalulekile njengoba ngogesi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igesi namalahle.

USSR, njengoba, ngempela, neRussia, kwakubalulekile ukukhulisa isikhathi esikhulu ukunweba navigation ezilwandle, okuyinto amanga enyakatho. icebreakers Nuclear anganikeza unyaka wonke navigation kulezi zindawo.

Lezo ziye okuqalwe unyaka 53-th, iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva e uhambo lwakhe lokuqala wathunyelwa ophihliza iqhwa yenuzi-powered "Lenin". Wayevame wayekhonze e-Arctic iminyaka engu-30.

Ayikho ngaphansi okwakubaluleke ukusungulwa kwesiGungu ngwenya yenuzi. Futhi liye umkhankaso ngonyaka 57th. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ngwenya uye eyenziwa umkhankaso ngaphansi eqhweni esifundeni North Pole futhi emuva base. Igama lalesi ngwenya kwaba "Leninsky Komsomol".

Umthelela amandla enuzi imvelo

Lo mbuzo abantu abanentshisekelo ngisho Khona-ke, esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi wokuqala emhlabeni lakhiwa Obninsk lapho. Manje sibizwa ngokuthi ngokunzulu komthelela kwezendalo wenziwa ezindaweni ezintathu:

- kwekhabhoni ezishisayo;

- igesi ukuthi futhi enemisebe;

- ketshezi kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi emhlabeni simila.

Futhi ukukhishwa emisebeni kwenzeka ngisho ngesikhathi operation evamile kulesi sikhungo. engayitholi okunjalo njalo izinto radioactive ku imvelo zilawulwa isitshalo izisebenzi. Babe ukusakaza emoyeni futhi phansi, ukuthola babe yizimila nezilwane nabantu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi hhayi kuphela amandla enuzi ungumthombo imfucuza eyingozi. Medicine, isayensi, umkhakha Lezokulima nanesandla sabo Ukuma jikelele. Zonke imfucuza uncika ngendlela ekhethekile ukucisha. Khona-ke kumele ilahlwe.