Uyini sikhungo chemical? Izinhlobo sikhungo chemical

Ukusabela chemical kuyinqubo okuholela ngokuningiliziwe ukuguquka kwabantu reactants. It libhekene izinguquko, okuyinto ukuthela owodwa noma eminingi ngaphandle kokuqala. Ukusabela Chemical zahlukahlukene. It kuncike hlobo reactants, izidakamizwa okuholela, izimo kanye nesikhathi zamagama, esibolile, ukufuduka, isomerization, acid-alikhali, redox, njll nezinqubo organic.

sikhungo Chemical kukhona ithangi senzelwe ofeza ukusabela ukuze ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina. design yabo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana futhi kufanele unikeze isivuno esikhulu kakhulu izindleko ngendlela ephumelelayo.

izinhlobo

Kukhona onobuhle ezinkulu ezintathu eziyisisekelo sikhungo chemical:

• I-batch.
• tank Okuqhubekayo enyakaza (HPM).
• Plug-ukugeleza ophendulayo (PFR).

Letindlela eziyisisekelo zingaguqulwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo iyinkimbinkimbi inqubo yamakhemikhali.

Iqoqwana ophendulayo

Amayunithi chemical yalolu hlobo asetshenziswa batch izinqubo ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa abancane yokusabela isikhathi eside noma lapho selectivity engcono kufinyelelwa, njengoba kwezinye izinqubo polymerization.

Ngenxa yale njongo, isibonelo, okuqukethwe okuyizinto ningakhathazeki engagqwali isitsha zokusebenza zangaphakathi izindwani, igesi Bubbles noma esebenzisa amaphampu. isilawuli lokushisa Kwenziwa nge ukushisa exchange jackets, ngenkasa amafriji noma ukudonsa ngokusebenzisa umzimba ukushisa.

I-batch sikhungo okwamanje asetshenziswe zamakhemikhali okulungisa ukudla izimboni. ezishintshayo yabo kanye nokwenza kudala eyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuze sihlanganise izinqubo okuqhubekayo futhi ezehlukene.

Semi-batch chemical sikhungo ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi okuqhubekayo kanye batch izindlela. A bioreactor, isibonelo, kuthiwa ngezikhathi ukulayishwa futhi ngokuqhubekayo kudedela carbon dioxide, okumele njalo zisuswe. Ngokufanayo, lapho ukusabela chlorination, lapho omunye reactants kuyinto chlorine igesi, uma kungekhona iqondiswa ngokuqhubekayo, omningi walo ke iyasha.

Ukuqinisekisa omningi ukukhiqizwa esetshenziswa sikhungo ngokuyinhloko zamakhemikhali noma isitsha kwensimbi okuqhubekayo nge stirrer noma ukugeleza okuqhubekayo.

Okuqhubekayo enyakaza ithangi ophendulayo

reactants ketshezi ezidla a engagqwali isitsha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana efanele sokudla komkhonto kwabo besebenza enyakaza. Ngakho, kulolu hlobo ophendulayo le reactants ngokuqhubekayo kufakwa kwesigubhu lokuqala (mpo, steel), bese bangena okwalandela, ukuxuba kanyekanye ngokucophelela esitsheni ngamunye. Nakuba indlela yokwakheka ingxube iyunifomu e tank ngalinye ohlelweni baliklasi lonkhe lokuhlushwa kuhluka isitsha isitsha.

Inani elimaphakathi isikhathi lemali ngokuqhubekayo of reactant uchitha ethangini (isikhathi sokuhlala) ingabalwa umane sokuhlukanisa ivolumu isitsha ngesilinganiso esingaba volumetric ukugeleza therethrough. iphesenti Okulindelekile beqeda ukuphendula ubalwa kusetshenziswa lobu kinetics zamakhemikhali.

Ezenziwe engagqwali amathangi steel noma Alloys futhi enamelled.

Ezinye izici ebalulekile DMI

Zonke ukubalwa kwenziwa okusekelwe imiksi enhle. Ukusabela okuphuma ngesilinganiso ezihlobene lokuhlushwa sokugcina. Ngezinye yakhoibrium, izinga ukugeleza ungakwazi ukukwenza kufanele kulingane ukugeleza rate, kungenjalo kwesigubhu ugcwele noma akunalutho.

Ngokuvamile kwezomnotho kunenzuzo ukusebenza HPM eziningana serial noma ngokulinganisa. Insimbi amathangi steel eqoqwe kubangela amayunithi ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha singaziphatha ngokungathi a ophendulayo ipulaki ukugeleza. Lokhu kuvumela ibutho lokuqala ukusebenza nge lokuhlushwa ephakeme ka reagents, futhi ngenxa yalokho, i-ephakeme yokusabela isilinganiso. Futhi, kungenzeka kwesigubhu ibekwe mpo steel HPM izigaba eziningana, esikhundleni izinqubo olwenziwa ezitsheni ezihlukahlukene.

Ngo ovundlile multistage ukubulawa iyunithi oluhlukaniswe ngu mpo ukwahlukanisa izindonga ukuphakama ezahlukene, lapho ingxube ageleza asibekela.

Lapho reactants abakalungiselelwa miscible noma kakhulu kuhluke kwabantu a ophendulayo multistage mpo (ingilazi-ngaphakathi noma engagqwali) imodi sokufudumeza. Le ndlela iphumelela ngenxa yendlela asabela ngayo emuva.

Amancane embhedeni fluidized kuyinto okuxubile ngokuphelele. Elikhulu kwezohwebo fluidized okulala ophendulayo has a lokushisa kakhulu iyunifomu kodwa imisindvo miscible nesimo lwaludlula futhi eziphelayo ageleza therebetween.

Chemical ukugeleza ophendulayo

PFR - a ophendulayo (insimbi engagqwali), lapho umuntu noma uketshezi ngaphezulu reactants kuthiwa akhishwa ngepayipi noma umbhobho. Babuye ngokuthi ukugeleza ijabulise. Kungaba amapayipi amaningi noma amashubhu. I reactants ezidla ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa komunye umkhawulo, futhi imikhiqizo zivela komunye. izinqubo Chemical zenzeke ngendlela ezenzeka ngayo sihamba ingxube.

I PFR ukuphendula Isivinini umyela uhlelo: itheku kuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa nge nokuncipha lokuhlushwa reactants futhi umkhiqizo isivuno anda okuqukethwe siyehla ijubane layo uma igijima. Ngokuvamile, zilingana ashukumisayo abayifunayo.

Abaningi bazizwa njengodade orientation enezingqimba futhi mpo we ophendulayo.

Lapho kudingeka ukudluliswa ukushisa, amashubhu ngabanye ezibekwe ku jacket noma igobolondo kanye tube ukushisa isetshenziswa. Kulo mBhalo, amakhemikhali kungaba e izindlu noma ipayipi.

Iziqukathi metal ngenhloso ububanzi Imibhobho esemzimbeni ezinkulu noma efanayo nakubhavu PFR futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi. Kwezinye ukucupha zisebenzisa ukugeleza Axial futhi osabalalayo, ulwelwesi amaningi ehlangene edlulisela ukushisa, kanjalo evundlile noma mpo ophendulayo nokunye.

Isitsha nge reagent nigcwaliswe inert noma okhanda amanye amathuba particulate ndaba ukwandisa loxhumana interfacial ku ukuphendula heterogeneous.

Ukubaluleka PFR wukuthi izibalo ukuthi uthathe hhayi ku-akhawunti ukuxuba mpo noma okuvundlile - lokhu kwakusho ukuthini-ke inkulumo ethi "i-plug ukugeleza". I reactants kungenziwa busuka ophendulayo hhayi kuphela itheku. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele kahle ephakeme Epa nobe sinciphise ubukhulu bayo kanye nezindleko. Ukusebenza PSC ngokuvamile ephakeme kunaleyo NRM umthamo ofanayo. Ukuze amanani alinganayo ivolumu kanye nesikhathi kule sikhungo ukuphendula piston kuyodingeka iphesenti ephakeme kokuqedwa kuka e lokubolekwa ukuxuba.

zilingana ashukumisayo

Sekuyisikhathi eside iningi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali akunakwenzeka kutsi kuzuzwe-100 amaphesenti ekupheleni. isivinini sabo incipha nokwanda lokhu Inkomba kuze kube isikhathi lapho uhlelo ifinyelela yakhoibrium ashukumisayo (lapho impendulo Imininingwane noma ushintsho ukwakheka ingekho). Iphuzu yakhoibrium kumasistimu kakhulu lingaphansi kuka 100% ekupheleni kwenqubo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kubalulekile ukwenza inqubo ngokuhlukana ezifana ziphuzo zazihluzwa, ukuze zehlukanise phakathi reagents asele noma by-imikhiqizo ye-target. Lezi reagents ngezinye izikhathi kabusha ekuqaleni inqubo, isib, ezifana inqubo Haber.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Epa

Plug ukugeleza sikhungo esetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali compounds ngesikhathi ukunyakaza kwabo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo, kepha efaniswe ngamapayipi, ngenjongo emikhulu, okusheshayo, eyohlobo noma heterogeneous ukusabela, ukukhiqizwa izinqubo okuqhubekayo futhi lapho kukhishwa esiningi ukushisa.

I enhle PFR unesikhathi yokuhlala esinqunyiwe, okungukuthi, noma yiluphi uketshezi (piston) ukufika ngesikhathi t, kukushiya ngesikhathi t + τ, lapho τ - .. Residence isikhathi ezikulesi simila.

sikhungo Chemical yalolu hlobo ifa amazinga aphezulu ukusebenza phezu ende nesikhathi, kanye kakhulu yokudlulisa ukushisa. I nemibi PFR iyona nobunzima iqaphe lokushisa elizosetshenziswa kule nqubo ukuthi kungaholela engathandeki lokushisa umehluko, futhi izindleko zabo ephakeme.

sikhungo okhanda amanye amathuba

Nakuba amayunithi yalolu hlobo ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa ngesimo Epa, zidinga ukunakekelwa kakhulu. Izinga wokusabela okhanda amanye amathuba kuyinto wakhona inani kulethe nabo amakhemikhali. Endabeni kulethe okuqinile futhi reactant ketshezi kuyinto wakhona ijubane izinqubo endaweni etholakalayo, ekuyeni amakhemikhali kanye nemikhiqizo, futhi ukukhethwa kuncike khona kuhlangana zeziyaluyalu.

Ukusabela okhanda amanye amathuba empeleni ngokuvamile multi-step. Akukona nje kuphela reactants kokuqala ukuxubana ekwandeni. Naye usabela futhi ezinye ushintsho.

Ukuziphatha yelikhono futhi ebalulekile kinetics yale nqubo, ikakhulukazi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusabela Petrochemical, njengoba bebizwa ingasebenzi ngu sintering, coking nezinye izinto ezinjalo.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha

SAR isetshenziselwa ukuguquka wezinto zokubasa. Esikhathini ucwaningo umfutho ophakeme sikhungo asetshenziswa. Ingcindezi kuzo ongafinyelela 35 MPA. Ukusebenzisa osayizi amaningi zihluka isikhathi sokuhlala kusukela imizuzwana 0.5 kuya 600. Ukuze sifinyelele okushisa okweqa 300 ° C isetshenziswa ne sikhungo kagesi eshubile. biomass okuphakelayo wenziwa HPLC-amaphampu.

PSC aerosol nanoparticles

Kukhona isithakazelo esikhulu synthesis futhi ukusetshenziswa nanoparticles izinjongo ezihlukile, okufaka Alloys okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye noboya obukhulu ifilimu babashayeli for electronics umkhakha. Ezinye izinto ezingafundwa zihlanganisa nesilinganiso ezifweni kazibuthe, ukudluliswa ekude infrared kanye zenuzi resonance kazibuthe. Ngenxa yalezi izinhlelo kubalulekile ukukhiqiza elawulwa ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana. ubukhulu yabo yayivamise ku ezahlukene nm 10 kuya ku-500.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ukuma okusezingeni eliphezulu surface area ethize elandayo lalezi zinhlobo ingasetshenziswa ukwenziwa zombala yezimonyo, ulwelwesi, yelikhono, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, okhanda amanye amathuba kanye sikhungo photocatalytic. izibonelo Isicelo nanoparticles zihlanganisa SnO _2-carbon monoxide izinzwa, Tio ₂ endwangwini, Sio ₂ Silica colloidal yemisipha optical, C-carbon fillers e amathayi, Fe ngokuba impahla zokuqopha, Ni ibhethri, futhi amanani amancane, palladium, magnesium futhi bismuth. Zonke lezi izinto kuhlelwe aerosol sikhungo. Kwezokwelapha, nanoparticles asetshenziselwa nokwelashwa kwezifo ukulimaza, yokufakelwa ithambo izimila, kanye imaging zobuchopho.

ukukhiqizwa isibonelo

Ukuze izinhlayiya alumina ngaphansi ukusakaza argon, ayegcwele kwensimbi is selehlile ku RAC 18 mm ububanzi kanye 0.5 m ubude, izinga lokushisa 1600 ° C ngo-1000 ° C / s. Njengoba ukudlula igesi ngokusebenzisa ophendulayo iza nucleation nokukhula izinhlayiya alumina. Ukugeleza ngesilinganiso 2 DM ³ / iminithi futhi ingcindezi 1 atm (1013 Pa). Njengoba gas selehlile kanye ukunyakaza iba supersaturated, okuholela ukuvela izinhlayiya ezivela ukushayisana futhi umusi molecule eziphindaphindiwe kuze kuyizinhlayiyana ifinyelela usayizi ezibucayi. Njengoba ihamba ngokusebenzisa igesi supersaturated aluminium molecule cindezela ku izinhlayiya, okwandisa usayizi yabo.