Modern ekuphonsweni. I jet lokuqala

Intsha namuhla, ngisho izakhamuzi ovuthiwe, kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyabangela abantu injabulo, kwakubonakala kube khona imishini endizayo ke kumnandi. amaconsi way ngokushesha sokuhlaziya se-sky blue, yavusa umcabango intsha zamashumi amahlanu okuqala. Wide umusi umzila washiya uhlobo injini. Namuhla, imidlalo ye-computer kuphela njenge War Thunder, nokusikisela kwawo ukuthenga indiza jet yokukhangisa USSR, nika umbono abanye ngalokhu komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane bezindiza yasekhaya. Kodwa bonke baqala ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho.

Lisho ukuthini "esisheshayo"

kuphakama omunye umbuzo okufanele mayelana igama uhlobo izindiza. NgesiNgisi kuzwakala kafushane: Jet. definition Russian itjengisa khona oluthile yokusabela. Kuyacaca ukuthi asikhulumi mayelana namachibi kukaphethiloli - ke elikhona ezivamile uphethiloli izinjini. Umgomo we operation jet izindiza kuyafana rocket. ngokomzimba umzimba asabela ngayo amandla jet igesi ukhiphe lubonakaliswa wasinikeza kolunye uhlangothi we ukusheshisa. Zonke ukuphumula - babe ubuqili, okuhlanganisa imingcele ahlukahlukene lobuchwepheshe kohlelo, ezifana izakhiwo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, icebo iphrofayli iphiko, uhlobo injini. Kukhona izinketho ezihlukile lapho amafemu ubunjiniyela asengene inqubo, ngokuvamile ekutholeni izixazululo efanayo, ngayodwana.

Ukwehluka ucwaningo izindiza rocket kulesi sici sina. Emkhakheni wezingalo powder accelerators efakwe ukunciphisa ubude run kanye afterburner, wawenziwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-azame ukufaka motor compressor (wangaphumelela) ukuze Coanda indiza ngo-1910 avunyelwe umsunguli Henri Coandă bagomela eziseqhulwini Romanian. Nokho, lokhu design waqale inoperable, okuyinto waqinisekiswa Ovivinyweni lokuqala, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izindiza zishiswe.

izinyathelo kuqala

I ekuphonsweni wokuqala uyakwazi kokuqhuba emoyeni isikhathi eside, eyavela kamuva. Maphayona amaJalimane, nakuba abanye neragelo phambili kwamanye amazwe, ososayensi - United States, e-Italy, izwe laseBrithani nelase emuva ngenkathi ngobuchwepheshe Japan. Lezi amasampula Eqinisweni, Awama-Glider fighter ezivamile webhomu, afake ezintsha uhlobo izinjini ophephela elingenalo, okuyinto akumangazi futhi bangabethembi. Ngo-USSR le nkinga, onjiniyela zihilelekile, kodwa hhayi njengoba asebenzayo, ne Ukugcizelelwa neshaya okunokwethenjelwa isikulufa amasu. Noma kunjalo jet imodeli indiza B-1, ahlome design TRD nemibhede AM lwavivinywa ngaphambi nje kwempi. Iyunithi ukuthi alithembekile kakhulu, nitric acid, esetshenziswa njengoba oxidant, wawudla fuel amathangi, kwakukhona ezinye izinkinga, kodwa izinyathelo zokuqala zihlale nzima.

"Shturmfogel" Hitler

Ngenxa psyche le sokudumisa sika, uthemba ukuthi uyochoboza "izitha oMbusi" (okuyinto wayebheka ezweni cishe lonke izwe), eJalimane ngemva nje kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II wabuyisela umsebenzi ukudalwa izinhlobo ezahlukene "Shono izikhali", kuhlanganise Jets. Akubona bonke izindawo umsebenzi zehlulekile. Ezinhlelweni yimpumelelo zihlanganisa "Messerschmitt-262" (aka "Shturmfogel") - lo ekuphonsweni wokuqala emhlabeni ukuba mass-kukhiqizwa. Idivayisi kwaba ifakwe izinjini ezimbili turbojet, radar, libe linye amakhala, yephuka eduze Sonic (angaphezu kuka-900 km / h), futhi kwaba izindlela impela asebenzelana ngayo eziphakeme B-17 ( "flying inqaba") nomfelandawonye. U-Adolf Hitler ukholo oshiseka e amathuba ubuchwepheshe obusha okungavamile, Nokho, kuyindida ukuthi waba nendima mubi Umlandvomphilo ukulwa Me-262. Lwenzelwe empini, ukuthi kuqondiswa "phezulu", iguqulwe ibe webhomu, futhi kule ukuguqulwa akabanga ngokugcwele.

"Arado"

jet isimiso lasetshenziswa phakathi kuka-1944 ukuze kwakhiwe i-webhomu "Arado-234" (futhi amaJalimane). Wakwazi khombisa lokulwa amakhono abo okungavamile, ehlasela izikhundla oMfelandawonye kwase esesifundazweni endaweni ethekwini Cherbourg. Speed-740 km / h futhi-ophahleni eziyishumi awuzange uveze flak ithuba hit ilitshe, kodwa fighters American futhi waseBrithani nje ayikwazanga ayifice. Ngaphezu nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu (eyahumusha kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala), "Arado" akhiqizwa izithombe zasemoyeni. Okwenzeka uyisebenzisa njengendlela yokuthola ukushaqeka Nowesibili wamthatha laphaya edolobheni Liège. ukulahlekelwa German hhayi kuzona, futhi uma izisetshenziswa kusuka eJalimane lobuNazi lapho kwakunendingeko enkudlwana kanye umkhakha bazokwazi ukukhulula "u-Ar-234" in inani amakhophi angaphezu kuka-36 we-anti-Hitler amazwe womanyano ngabe kwabahambela kabi.

"U-287"

ngentuthuko German yawela ezandleni nobungane phakathi wons Umhlaba Okwesibili uthi ngemva kokunqotshwa nobuNazi. amazwe aseNtshonalanga esezisezingeni yokugcina yokulwa usuqalile sokulungiselela ngxabano eza i-USSR. ubuholi kukaStalin uthethe esiphikisayo izinyathelo. Zombili izinhlangothi, kwaba sobala ukuthi empini ezayo, uma kuthatha indawo, kuyoba ukulwa Jets. EU.SSR ngaleso sikhathi engakabi umthelela umthamo zenuzi kuphela abasebenza ukudalwa ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa ngebhomu le-athomu. Kodwa baseMelika kakhulu lwabamba "Junkers-287", eyayintula idatha yendiza esiyingqayizivele (ukulwa umthwalo 4000 kg, uhla 1500 km, ophahleni 5000 m, isivinini 860 km / h). Four injini sweepback ezimbi (prototype esizayo "ongabonakali) evumela ukusetshenziswa kundiza-athomu njengoba yenethiwekhi.

I wokuqala ngemva kwempi

Jets ungazange wadlala indima juqu phakathi Second neMpi Yezwe, ngakho kwenqwaba kweSoviet izindawo zokukhiqiza wagxilisa imizamo yayo ekuthuthukiseni umklamo nekwenyusa ukukhiqizwa ezivamile isikulufa bomlilo, ukuhlaselwa izindiza kanye zezindiza zamabhomu. bekulokhu Umbuzo we amacala abazoba naphakathi-athomu nzima, futhi kwanqunywa ngokushesha ngokukopisha American Boeing B-29 (Tu-4), kodwa injongo eyinhloko babephikiswa kunoma ubudlova kungenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, okokuqala fighters okudingekayo - ubude, beshesha futhi, yebo, isivinini. Mayelana kanjani ukuthuthukisa isiqondiso kwezingxenye ezintsha zezindiza, ungakwazi liyokwahlulelwa iledere umklami A. S. Yakovleva eKomidini Central (Autumn 1945), owathola ukuqonda ezithile. Ukutadisha okulula ethumba ubuchwepheshe German ubuholi beqembu wayekubheka ngesilinganiso esanele. Izwe babe Jets kudingekile yesimanje laseSoviet akuzona yalutho futhi bebakhulu ezingeni emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi kubukiswa ngo-1946 yokudumisa esenzeka ngalo Okthoba (Tushino) ababenakho ukukhombisa abantu kanye nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe.

Okwesikhashana Yaqui futhi MiGs

Bonisa ukuthi sasikhona, kodwa akwenzekanga: wafingqa isimo sezulu, kwakukhona inkungu. Kuboniswa izindiza ezintsha washukumiseleka ukuba May Day. Eyokuqala Soviet ekuphonsweni wenza uchungechunge 15 zezinhlobo zenzelwe Mikoyan futhi Gurevich (MIG-9) kanye Yakovlev (Yak-15). Bobabili amasampula kwahluka sikebhe izinyathelo umdwebo lapho ingxenye nomsila phansi ubizwa wageza ngu jet esikhishwe umlomo wombhobho. Ngokwemvelo, ukuze bazivikele okweqile, lezi zingxenye ihlanganiswa ekhethekile Plating ungqimba ezenziwe metal refractory. Bobabili izindiza zazihlukile isisindo, injini kanye injongo, kodwa ngokuvamile oluhambisana isimo Soviet isakhiwo izindiza esikoleni we forties sekwephuzile. injongo yabo eyinhloko kwaba ukuthuthela uhlobo olusha amandla plant, kodwa kwalokho futhi zenze neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile: indiza ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa nezindaba zobuchwepheshe. Lezi Jets, naphezu lemiqulu emikhulu okukhipha yabo (amakhulu amayunithi), babebhekwa njengabantu lesikhashana ukushintshwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngokushesha ngemuva ukubonakala imiklamo okuthuthukile. Futhi ngokushesha, okwamanje ufikile.

elinesihlanu

Lokhu indiza isibe legend. Wakha engakaze ibonwe sokuthula chungechunge, kokubili ukulwa futhi inguqulo esikoleni abhanqiwe. Umklamo we-MIG-15 esetshenziswa izixazululo eziningi wamavukelambuso lobuchwepheshe, umzamo wokuqala ukwakha okuthembekile umshayeli wokutakula uhlelo (catapult), ke kwaba ifakwe inganono kwezikhali enamandla. isivinini jet, encane, kodwa ngempumelelo kakhulu, kwamenza wakwazi ukunqoba armadas ka zamabhomu yamasu esibhakabhakeni of Korea, lapho impi kwagqamuka ngokushesha ngemva kwavela Interceptor entsha. Okulingana MIG waba American "Saber", eyakhelwe amacebo afanayo. Phakathi imishini yokulwa wawela ezandleni sesitha. izindiza Soviet utshontshe umshayeli North-Korean, elingwa omkhulu imali umvuzo. Ababeke "American" owakwazi ukuphuma emanzini bese uyiswa eSoviet Union. Kukhona "exchange of nakho" mutual ukufunda kusukela design yimpumelelo kakhulu izixazululo.

umgibeli jet

Ijubane indiza jet - inzuzo yayo esemqoka, futhi kusebenza hhayi kuphela ekuhlaseleni kanye fighters. Kakade forties sekwephuzile International Airlines wangenela liner "Comet", ezakhiwe eBrithani. It is ngokukhethekile wadala for ukuthuthwa abantu, kwaba ukhululekile futhi fast, kodwa ngeshwa aluthembekile: izingozi eziyisikhombisa kwenzeke phakathi neminyaka emibili. Kodwa intuthuko emkhakheni ngesivinini umgibeli traffic Akwenzekanga ukuba ayeke. Maphakathi nawo-zamashumi amahlanu e-USSR uvele edume TU-104 ukuguqulwa nguqulo ye Tu-16 webhomu. Naphezu sigameko indiza eziningi ezenzeka ne izindiza ezintsha, ekuphonsweni ngokwethukela kahle izindiza. Kancane kancane akha ukubukeka kwesikhathi eside liner kanye umqondo walokho okufanele kube ngayo. Ophephela (isikulufa ophephela) esetshenziswa Abaklami yivelakancane.

Generation fighter aircraft: owokuqala, owesibili ...

Njengazo cishe kunoma iyiphi inqubo, jet interceptors ihlukaniswa inzala. Sekukonke kukhona manje ezinhlanu, futhi zingafani onobuhle edition iminyaka hhayi kuphela, kodwa izici design. Uma umqondo amasampula lokuqala ngokuyisisekelo kwadingeka ukuba baphume kumila impumelelo emkhakheni yezinto ezihamba emoyeni iyiqiniso classical (ngamanye amagama, uhlobo injini kwaba umehluko oyinhloko kubo), isizukulwane sesibili wathatha phezu izici ezibalulekile (iphiko ishanelwe, umumo ehluke ngokuphelele we fuselage nokunye.) Esikhathini kwamashumi amahlanu, kwacatshangwa ukuthi impi umoya ngeke ukugqoka uhlamvu ezikwazi, kodwa isikhathi uye wasibonisa besimo lo mbono.

... futhi kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu wesihlanu

"Inja yokulahla" ka sixties phakathi "Skyhawk", "Phantoms" futhi MiGs esibhakabhakeni phezu Vietnam naseMpumalanga Ephakathi Ubonise inkambo ukuqhubeka, wokugubha ukufika isizukulwane sesibili jet interceptors. Variable geometry iphiko, ikhono amaningi overspeed umsindo and Missiles lihambisana ezinamandla izici steel Avionics esizukulwane sesithathu. Okwamanje, Air Force kumila epaki kakhulu amazwe obusezingeni bakha kwesizukulwane sesine imoto, eyaba umkhiqizo ukuqhubeka. On the izingalo ngizile ngaphezulu amasampula ephelele ngokuhlanganisa ngesivinini, maneuverability, ukubonakala ongaphakeme futhi izindlela EW. Lesi sizukulwane lesihlanu.

injini Turbofan

Ngaphandle namuhla Jets amasampula kuqala musa ubheka anachronistic kakhulu. Buka abaningi babo bangabantu ngempela zanamuhla, futhi Ukucaciswa (ezifana ophahleni kanye nesivinini) azihlukile kakhulu kusukela namhlanje, okungenani efika kuqala. Nokho, ku-ukwazana eduze ne izici ukusebenza yale mishini, kuyacaca ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule ukwenza intuthuko qualitative e izinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, umqondo variable wagxila vector, ukudala kungenzeka aqondisa abukhali futhi kungazelelwe. Okwesibili, ukulwa izindiza manje bakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside emoyeni futhi angahamba amabanga amade. Lokhu isici kungenxa ongaphakeme petrol, okungukuthi ukonga. It izuzwe uyisebenzisa, ukubeka ulimi lobuchwepheshe, ezimbili-wesifunda (ongaphakeme-pass). Ochwepheshe bayazazi ukuthi kusho amandla omlilo ubuchwepheshe inikeza egcwele amandla omlilo yayo.

Nezinye izici yesimanje ekuphonsweni

Eziningi kuzo. jet civil izindiza izinjini Modern isici umsindo ongaphakeme, induduzo okusezingeni eliphezulu nokuzinza okusezingeni eliphezulu zindiza. ngokuvamile ububanzi-umzimba (kuhlanganise mnogopalubnye). Amasampula izindiza zempi anemisila izindlela (yekwentiwa) nokufeza ongaphakeme radar isignesha futhi impi electronic. Ngomqondo othile, izidingo zokuzivikela futhi amaphethini commercial aphambana namuhla. Ukuphumelela izidingo zonke izinhlobo izindiza, nakuba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene: kwelinye icala, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo, elinye - ukunweba engaba ukulwa. Futhi namhlanje esinalo lokwenza umsindo njengoba encane ngangokunokwenzeka kokubili ezivamile lempi.